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Name: ___________________________ Bio 120 Spring 2012 Exam IV, Worth 150 points, each question is worth 2 pts unless otherwise noted Multiple Choice, use a scantron 1. Polyploidy is: A. the presence of more than two of a certain chromosome. B. the presence of more than one of a certain chromosome. C. the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes. 2. In human the 9th chromosome codes for the production glycoproteins on blood cells. If the person has type AB blood, they are heterozygous, having one allele that codes for A type proteins and the other allele codes for B type proteins, the person will produce both A and B proteins on the blood cells. This is an example of: A. B. C. D. Incomplete dominance Codominance Epistasis Polygenes 3. In Labrador retrievers, there are two alleles for coat color (black and brown) and a different gene at another location with an allele for depositing the color. What is the term for the this type of genetic interaction? A. B. C. D. 4. Incomplete dominance Codominance Epistasis Polygenes Down syndrome is an example of a _____________ condition. A. B. C. D. E. monosomic disomic aneuploidy polyploidy transgenic 1 5. Persons having an XO karyotype have underdeveloped internal and external genitalia and are sterile. They have _____________ syndrome. A. B. C. D. 6. Turner Klinefelter Down Phenylketonuria Cri du chat syndrome arises from: A. B. C. D. E. 7. trisomy for chromosome 5. deletion of part of chromosome 5. a reciprocal translocation. nondisjunction. a duplication of part of chromosome 5. The autosomal recessive disease that results in a defective chloride ion channel is: A. B. C. D. 8. Cystic Fibrosis Tay sachs Huntington Phenylketonuria Hemophelia is caused by a: A. B. C. D. 9. Recessive X-linked disorder Abnormal number of chromosomes Recessive autosomal disorder Dominant autosomal disorder In pre-implantation genetic screening, who is tested for a genetic disorder: A. B. C. D. 10. A. B. C. D. The embryo The parents The fetus The newborn baby Alternate forms of the same gene are called chromatids alleles loci autosomes 2 11. Females have the genotype XX and males have the genotype XY, this means that if both X chromosomes are actively coding for proteins then females will produce twice as much protein as males, explain how humans compensate for this? A. B. C. D. the males’ X chromosome are “super” chromosomes, being over active. the females’ shut down one X chromosome in each cell the X chromosome only codes for proteins needed by females, so it doesn’t matter the genes on the X chromosomes in females are under expressed 12. During protein synthesis, the tRNA carrying the first amino acid, methionine (Met), binds to which site on the ribosome? A) B) C) D) A site P site E site M site 13. During protein synthesis, the tRNA carrying the rest of the amino acids (all the amino acids after the first methionine) to the ribosome bind to which site on the ribosome? A) B) C) D) 14. A site P site E site M site Energy is needed in which protein synthesis steps: A) B) C) D) E) 15. The building of the peptide bond; translocation; the binding of the tRNA to the A site Translocation; the binding of the tRNA to the A site The building of the peptide bond; the binding of the tRNA to the A site The building of the peptide bond; translocation Only the building of the peptide bond The energy source required for protein synthesis at the ribosome is: A) B) C) D) ATP GTP CTP TTP 3 16. Coding regions of mRNA are called: A) B) C) D) 17. introns exons expressons transposons Transcription or Translation is when the information from mRNA is used to make a polypeptide chain A) transcription B) translation 18. Mutations that change an amino acid codon into a stop codon are called: A) B) C) D) E) 19. Missense Nonsense Frameshift Transposons Silent The catalytic portion of the ribosome is this component: A) B) C) D) rRNA protein Carbohydrate Lipid 20. The three RNA nucleotide bases that are found on the transfer RNA molecule which pairs with the mRNA are called the: A) B) C) D) rRNA Codon Anticodon Gene 21. In gene regulation, the condition where the repressor is in place most of the time, keeping the gene turned “off” is called: A. Repressible B. Inducible 4 22. Even when lactose is present, the transcription of the lac operon does not proceed at a high rate. It needs an activator protein, catabolite activator protein (CAP). This protein needs to bind what molecule in order to be active? A. B. C. D. 23. cAMP ATP GTP Ca++ In the lac operon, RNA polymerase binds to this region: A. repressor gene B. operator region C. promoter region 24. Is the try operon (containing the genes for Tryptophan metabolism) a repressible or an inducible system? A. repressible B. inducible 25. The genes that codes for the “brake” proteins that inhibit the cell cycle going forward are: A. Proto oncogenes B. Tumor suppressor genes 26. In drosophila flies the larva undergoes several molts and grow until it becomes a _______ with a hardened cuticle: A. B. C. D. 27. zygote embryo pupa adult fly Viruses that are released from their host cell by rupturing the host cell are using: A. Lytic cycle B. Lysogenic cycle 5 28. A. B. C. D. E. 29. A. B. C. D. E. 30. A. B. C. D. E. 31. A. B. C. D. 32. A. B. C. D. The protein coat of a virus is called the: capsule. capsid. exospore. phage. pilus. Viruses that attack bacteria are called: bacteriophages. bacteriods prions. virons. viroids. Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a: bacterium. bacteriophage. retrovirus. viroid. prion. The natural host of the Ebola virus is: Swine (pigs) Deer mice Birds The natural host is unknown These organisms are able to fix CO2 and they obtain their energy from inorganic compounds. Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs Photoautotrophs Chemoautotrophs 6 33. Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on: A. B. C. D. E. 34. the nuclear membranes. the endoplasmic reticulum. the plasma membrane. ribosomes. the cell wall. True of false: Bacterial cells contain ribosomes. A. True B. False 35. A. B. C. D. E. Small circles of DNA called ______________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome. capsids plasmids chromatids pili centromeres 36. Hair-like structures made of protein on the surface of some bacteria that helps the bacteria to adhere to surfaces are called: A. B. C. D. E. 37. A. B. C. D. E. capsids plasmids chromatids pili centromeres These cells can become “antigen-presenting cells” (APCs): mast cells lymphocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils 7 38. A. B. C. D. E. 39. A. B. C. D. E. Which cells release histamines: mast cells lymphocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils T cells are produced in the: Thymus Thyroid Spleen Bone marrow Liver Fill in and short answer: 40. (4 pts) A group of young scientists are breeding fruit flies and are looking at the genetics of two traits in the flies, the color of the fly and the size of the wings. Grey bodies are dominant over black and normal wings are dominant over vestigial wings. They bred black flies with vestigial wings with flies that are heterozygous for color and wings. In the F1 generation, they counted: 965 grey flies with normal wings 944 black flies with vestigial wings 206 grey flies with vestigial wings 185 black flies with normal wings Help out these researchers, explain to them about their experiment and the results of their experiment. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 8 41. I have a plant that is producing purple flowers. This variety of plant can produce either purple or white flowers and the purple flowers are dominant over white flowers. These plants can’t self fertilize. Since the flowers are purple I don’t know the genotype of this plant, it could be homozygous dominant or heterozygous. In order to find out the genotype, I will perform a test cross, describe the test cross breeding experiment. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 42. (4 pts) What molecules are modified in post-transcriptional modifications and name three posttranscriptional modifications. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 43. (4 pts) How are the ribosomes brought over to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), include in your answer what tells the cell that the polypeptide chain needs to be brought to the RER and what are the molecules that bring the ribosomes to the RER. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 9 44. In e. coli, what is the molecule that binds to the repressor protein in the tryptophan operon? ___________________________________________ 45. In e. coli, what molecule binds to the repressor protein of the lac operon? ___________________________________________ 46. In eukaryotic cells, there is a region of the DNA located in the upstream portion of the promoter region where transcription factors bind to, this region is called: ___________________________________________ 47. (4 pts) Name two examples of structural motifs commonly found in transcriptional factors which form their active sites. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 48. (5 pts) There are three genes in the lac operon: lac Z, lac Y, and lac A genes. What proteins do these genes code for. And what is the function of the proteins (if known). ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 49. The process that changes a cell into a mature, specialized cell is called: ___________________________________________ 10 50. (5 points) What are maternal effect genes, include in your discussion, examples of maternal effect genes, what the origin of the genes are, at what point in development do these genes effect the organism, what effect do they have on the organism. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 51. (4 pts) You are looking at drosophilia flies that have been exposed to radiation and you observe many interesting mutations in the body plans of these flies. What type of genes do you think are involved in this mutation? Why are vertebrates less at risk to these types of mutation. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 52. The type of viruses that have RNA which gets changed to double stranded DNA are called: ___________________________________________ 53. What are two examples of viruses that cause cancer? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 11 54. (6 pts) What are three enzymes that HIV has, and what are the functions? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 55. What is the glycoprotein on the HIV that binds with the CD4 receptor on the T cell? ___________________________________________ 56. The first evidence of life is mats of cyanobacterial cells that trap mineral deposits, these mats are called: ___________________________________________ 57. Bacteria that can survive with or without O2 are called: ___________________________________________ 58. (3 pts) Name three differences (other than where they live) between the domains archaea and bacteria (eubacteria). ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 12 59. (4 pts) Describe the structure of gram negative prokaryotic cell walls, including what are the cell walls made, how many layers, and how thick the layers are. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 60. Any object or substance that is perceived as foreign and therefore elicits an immune response is called: ___________________________________________ 61. The nonspecific defenses of our immune system that attack any antigen is called: ___________________________________________ 62. (3 pts) What are three examples of barrier defenses? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 63. What are two effects histamines have on blood vessels? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 64. What are two ways antibodies fight disease or foreign invaders? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 13 Bonus Questions: 1. Name an example of a tumor suppressor gene ___________________________________________ 2. Genes that code for proteins that are always needed, therefore they are always being transcribed are called: ___________________________________________ 3. What is the role of ubiquitin in the cell? ___________________________________________ 4. What is one example of a type of segmentation genes. ___________________________________________ 5. Flagella in bacteria cells are made of what protein? ___________________________________________ 14