Download Biology 190-Fall 2005 ANSWER SHEET

Biology 190-Fall 2005
ANSWER SHEET.
NAME___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 point each)
Answer the next two questions using this sentence:
In a typical anabolic reaction, the ∆G value is positive; therefore...
1. ...there is a strong chance the enthalpy value will be
A) positive. *
B) negative.
2. ... the reaction is likely to be
A) catabolic; spontaneous
B) catabolic; nonspontaneous.
C) anabolic; spontaneous
D) anabolic; nonspontaneous*
_______________________________________________--3. Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller
ones?
A) catalysis
B) metabolism
C) anabolism
D) dehydration
E) catabolism *
4. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living
organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law?
A) The energy content of an organism is constant.
B) The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment. *
C) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.
D) Organisms are unable to transform energy.
E) Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.
5. The chemical reactions in our body are typically at equilibrium when we are alive.
A) true
B) false*
6. During ATP hydrolysis, _ phosphate(s) is (are) released to form ADP.
A) 1*
B) 2
C) 3
D) none
7. In an exergonic reaction, the products have more total energy than the reactants.
A) true
B) false*
8. How many ATP’s are made during digestion (not aerobic respiration)?
A) 5
B) 38
C) 2
D) none*
9. Both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are spontaneous processes.
A) true
B) false*
10. Which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction?
A) The molecule that is reduced gains electrons.
B) The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons.
C) The molecule that is reduced loses electrons.
D) The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons.
E) Both A and B are correct. *
11. Where does glycolysis takes place?
A) mitochondrial matrix
B) mitochondrial outer membrane
C) mitochondrial inner membrane
D) mitochondrial intermembrane space
E) cytosol *
12. Which is known as an “electron carrier” molecule and carries a hydride ion?
A) Glucose
B) NAD+*
D) pyruvate
E) All of the above
13. There is a NET gain of ___ ATP synthesized during glycolysis.
A) 2*
B) 4
C) 0
D) 38
14. The citric acid cycle produces ATP through substrate level phosphorylation. (On your own,
differentiate between substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and
photophosphorylation).
A) true*
B) false
15. For every glucose that enters aerobic respiration, how many carbon dioxide molecules are generated in
the citric acid cycle?
A) 2
B) 4*
C) 1
D) 6
16. Assume that a eukaryotic cell has an abundant supply of glucose and oxygen, but needs ATP. The
proton gradient in mitochondria of this cell will be generated by __________ and used primarily for
________.
A. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis*
B. the electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation.
C. glycolysis; production of water.
D. fermentation; NAD reduction.
E. diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis.
17. The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
A) glycolysis
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain *
C) the citric acid cycle
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
E) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
18. What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) to produce energy-rich glucose from carbon dioxide and water
B) to produce ATP and NADPH *
C) to produce NADPH used in respiration
D) to convert light energy to the chemical energy of PGAL
E) to use ATP to make glucose
19. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because
A) there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center.
B) this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm. *
C) there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast.
D) it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond.
E) the plastoquinone reflects light with a wavelength of 700 nm.
20. A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be bluish violet. What
wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?
A) red and yellow
B) blue and violet *
C) green and yellow
D) blue, green, and red
E) green, blue, and violet
21. What are the products of noncyclic electron flow? (on your own, what is the purpose of noncyclic electron
flow?)
A) heat and fluorescence
B) ATP and P700
C) ATP and NADPH *
D) ADP and NADP
E) P700 and P680
22. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
A) use ATP to release carbon dioxide
B) use NADPH to release carbon dioxide
C) split water and release oxygen
D) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast
E) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide *
23. What is a chromatid?
A) a chromosome in G1 of the cell cycle
B) a replicated chromosome attached to an identical copy*
C) a chromosome found outside the nucleus
D) a special region that holds two centromeres together
24. Mitosis: If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each
daughter cell following cytokinesis?
A) 10 *
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 80
25. All of the following occur during mitosis except the
A) condensing of chromosomes.
B) separation of chromatids at the centromere.
C) formation of a spindle.
D) synthesis of DNA. *
E) disappearance of the nucleolus.
26. Meiosis: A germ line cell has 4 pairs of duplicated chromosomes (8 duplicated chromosomes in total)
at Prophase I of meiosis. What is the structure and number of chromosomes in one gamete cell at the end
of anaphase II? (On your own, draw out the chromosome structure and numbers for all the phases of
meiosis. Repeat for mitosis.)
a. 2
1. duplicated
b. 4
2. unduplicated *
c. 8 *
d. 16
e. 1
On your own; describe what happens at each stage of mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis, and interphase.
SHORT ANSWER
27. Describe three endergonic processes that are coupled to (or driven by) exergonic processes. One
example must be from chapter 8, one from chapter 9 and one from chapter 10. (1 point)
Example from Chapter 8:
• Glutamic acid + ammonia ---> glutamine (endergonic); coupled to ATP hydrolysis (exergonic)
Examples from Chapter 9:
• Electrons moving through the Electron Transport Chain (exergonic). Coupled to the creation of
the proton gradient (endergonic)
OR
• Protons move through the ATP synthase complex, releasing proton gradient (exergonic).
Coupled to ATP synthesis (endergonic)
Examples from Chapter 10:
• Electrons moving through the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain (exergonic). Coupled to
the creation of the proton gradient (endergonic)
OR
• Protons move through the ATP synthase complex, releasing proton gradient (exergonic).
Coupled to ATP synthesis (endergonic)
28. The electron transport chains in photosynthesis and aerobic respiration both involve the pumping of
protons to form a gradient for ATP synthesis. Discuss the compartments (locations) involved in this
process for both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration (On your own; describe the pH of various
compartments and what happens in each compartment). (2 points)
Photosynthesis: Thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space and stroma of the chloroplast.
• Most proteins are in the thylakoid membrane; protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid
space by the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Protons travel from the thylakoid space to the
stroma through the ATP synthase complex.
Aerobic Respiration: Inner membrane, intermembrane space and matrix of the mitochondrion.
• Most proteins are in the Inner membrane; protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane
space by the electron transport chain. Protons travel from the intermembrane space to the matrix
through the ATP synthase complex.
29. Describe why glycolysis would not continue if (1) oxygen is absent and (2) there was an inhibitor that
blocked the last step of alcohol or lactic acid fermentation. (2 points)
NADH would build up and NAD+ would not be regenerated (recycled) to be used again in glycolysis.
Questions 30 and 31. Fill in the blanks. Some blanks are filled in for you for number 31. (2 points)
Answers for Question 30: a. light; b. water; c. light reactions; d. oxygen; e. ATP; f. NADPH; g. carbon
dioxide; h. Calvin Cycle; i. sugar (or glucose, CH2O) Answers for Question 31: b. P680; c. electrons;
d. ½ oxygen; e. water; f. primary electron acceptor; g. photosynthetic ETC; k. P700; l. primary eacceptor; m. NADP+ reductase; n. NADPH