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Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________
ID: A
AP Psych 14
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to
become friends with
a. Ester, a freshman who sits across the row from him in his first large lecture class.
b. Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science.
c. Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall.
d. Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing
chess.
e. James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his
major.
____
2. We are most likely to ________ the diversity among members of an ________.
a. underestimate; ingroup
b. overestimate; ingroup
c. correctly estimate; outgroup
d. underestimate; outgroup
e. overestimate; outgroup
____
3. Government officials who emphasize that African-Americans are personally responsible for the
economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote
a. deindividuation.
b. mirror-image perceptions.
c. conciliation.
d. the social responsibility norm.
e. prejudice.
____
4. Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly
hostile toward the “government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy.”
Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of
a. ingroup bias.
b. social facilitation.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
d. scapegoat theory.
e. the just-world phenomenon.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
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5. Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of
a. group size on social loafing.
b. personal anonymity on deindividuation.
c. bystanders on altruism.
d. an audience on social facilitation.
e. actions on attitudes.
____
6. Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob.
This change in behavior is best understood in terms of
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the bystander effect.
c. social facilitation.
d. ingroup bias.
e. deindividuation.
____
7. The presence of many bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any
individual bystander will
a. act altruistically rather than aggressively.
b. assume responsibility for personally intervening in the emergency.
c. fail to interpret the incident as an emergency.
d. notice the emergency.
e. report the emergency to the police.
____
8. Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters
illustrate what is known as
a. the rape myth.
b. the social-responsibility norm.
c. the just-world phenomenon.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. deindividuation.
____
9. A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to
enact the ________ provided by the media.
a. fundamental attribution error
b. social loafing
c. social scripts
d. reciprocity norm
e. superordinate goals
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 10. White children are better at recognizing White faces than Black faces. This illustrates
a. group polarization.
b. deindividuation.
c. the fundamental attribution error.
d. the other-race effect.
e. scapegoat theory.
____ 11. Research on the relationship between aversive events and aggression indicates that
a. frustration inevitably leads people to act aggressively.
b. aversive events lead to hostility in males but not in females.
c. aversive events often distract people from acting on their hostile intentions.
d. hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility.
e. some individuals are more likely to be aggressive and commit aversive events.
____ 12. In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with
an experimenter's orders when
a. the “learner” complained of a slight heart condition just before the experiment
began.
b. the “learner” screamed as the shocks became more punishing.
c. the “teacher” was instructed to administer the learning test and someone else was
asked to shock the “learner.”
d. the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale
University.
e. the “learner” was in another room where his physical well-being couldn't be
observed by the “teacher.”
____ 13. Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his
bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n)
a. product of deindividuation.
b. learned response.
c. biologically triggered behavior.
d. reaction to frustration.
e. instinctive behavior.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 14. Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of
a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation
is most likely to lead to
a. social loafing.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. deindividuation.
d. social facilitation.
e. the bystander effect.
____ 15. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the
extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
a. personality traits.
b. their level of motivation.
c. genetics.
d. their political philosophy.
e. assigned roles.
____ 16. Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate.
This best illustrates the impact of
a. deindividuation.
b. norms.
c. altruism.
d. stereotypes.
e. individualism.
____ 17. Carol is restless during class because her teacher's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that
he dislikes teaching. The teacher, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness
as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and teacher should
be informed of the dangers of
a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b. group polarization.
c. the mere exposure effect.
d. the fundamental attribution error.
e. deindividuation.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 18. The Plattsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which of the following students
would most likely contribute to the blood bank, if asked?
a. Marcus, who wants to apply to medical school when he is older
b. Ardyce, who has just fallen head-over-heels in love
c. Sigrid, who unexpectedly lost her part-time job and has time on her hands
d. Fred, who is depressed because he just learned he got a D on a chemistry test
e. Grigory, who is busy studying for a history test
____ 19. After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign, California home owners were
highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive “Drive Carefully” sign in their
front yards. This best illustrates
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. deindividuation.
d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
e. social facilitation.
____ 20. A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the terrible treatment they receive best illustrates
a. scapegoat theory.
b. the other-race effect.
c. group polarization.
d. the frustration-aggression principle.
e. the just-world phenomenon.
____ 21. Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the
woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by
a. the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
b. the mere exposure effect.
c. the bystander effect.
d. deindividuation.
e. hindsight bias.
____ 22. Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
a. make use of emotional rather than logical appeals.
b. pretend to agree with the majority opinions.
c. argue positions widely divergent from those of the majority.
d. unswervingly hold to their own position.
e. acknowledge the wisdom of the majority position.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 23. The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate
one of the potential dangers of
a. the fundamental attribution error.
b. deindividuation.
c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
d. social facilitation.
e. the bystander effect.
____ 24. The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when
a. attitudes affect actions through normative social influences.
b. an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
c. self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.
d. false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
e. there are striking differences of opinion among group members.
____ 25. In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive
woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge
suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors
that contribute to
a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b. passionate love.
c. the bystander effect.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. social facilitation.
____ 26. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the
gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
a. the social exchange theory.
b. the mere exposure effect.
c. mirror-image perceptions.
d. the bystander effect.
e. the fundamental attribution error.
____ 27. During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on
the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that their own
team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate
a. deindividuation.
b. ingroup bias.
c. the reciprocity norm.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. the fundamental attribution error.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 28. Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?
a. They have relatively high levels of dopamine and low levels of testosterone.
b. They have relatively low levels of dopamine and high levels of testosterone.
c. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.
d. They have relatively high levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine.
e. They have relatively low levels of serotonin and low levels of testosterone.
____ 29. Research on the effects of playing violent video games most clearly provides evidence that
disconfirms the
a. just-world phenomenon.
b. cognitive dissonance theory.
c. frustration-aggression principle.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. mere exposure effect.
____ 30. Cultural diversity best illustrates our
a. adaptive capacities.
b. attributions.
c. superordinate goals.
d. group polarization.
e. gene complexes.
____ 31. The just-world phenomenon often leads people to
a. dislike and distrust those who are wealthy.
b. respond with kindness to those who mistreat them.
c. believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.
d. work to resolve and lessen social injustices.
e. express higher levels of prejudice after suffering frustration.
____ 32. A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
a. the attitudes are implicit rather than explicit.
b. the attitudes are discrepant with most other people's opinions.
c. our behavior is influenced by powerful external factors.
d. external influences on behavior are minimal.
e. the person has not publicly communicated those attitudes.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 33. In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of
Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient
when
a. they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.
b. they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong.
c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is effective.
d. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
e. their victims are distant and depersonalized.
____ 34. A vivid example of a North Korean's behavior has an unusually strong influence on people's
judgments of all North Koreans primarily because people
a. typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable
characteristics.
b. are motivated to confirm their current stereotypes of specific groups.
c. estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of the memorability of
these characteristics.
d. strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves.
e. are prone to committing the fundamental attribution error.
____ 35. If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
a. the bystander effect.
b. ingroup bias.
c. the chameleon effect.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. deindividuation.
____ 36. Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to reduce
prejudice when the contact is between individuals with
a. mirror-image perceptions.
b. normative social influence.
c. equal status.
d. ingroup bias.
e. implicit prejudice.
____ 37. A social trap is a situation in which
a. a lack of critical thinking results from a strong desire for group harmony.
b. there are insufficient resources to satisfy the needs of all group members.
c. altruism violates a social-responsibility norm.
d. the pursuit of self-interest leads to collective harm.
e. people lose self-awareness in group situations that foster anonymity.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 38. Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
a. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
b. the mere exposure effect.
c. group polarization.
d. the bystander effect.
e. the fundamental attribution error.
____ 39. In one experiment, White respondents typically took longer to identify words such as peace and
paradise as “good” when the words were associated with Black-sounding names rather than
White-sounding names. This best illustrated
a. cognitive dissonance theory.
b. the mere exposure effect.
c. the other-race effect.
d. mirror-image perceptions.
e. implicit prejudice.
____ 40. If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination
against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates
a. the bystander effect.
b. deindividuation.
c. the mere exposure effect.
d. the blame-the-victim dynamic.
e. ingroup bias.
____ 41. The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is
NOT
a. an unlearned instinct.
b. a result of group polarization.
c. a reaction to frustration.
d. influenced by social norms.
e. a product of deindividuation.
____ 42. A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This
best illustrates the value of
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. groupthink.
c. conciliation.
d. self-disclosure.
e. social facilitation.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 43. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their
a. biological motives or their psychological motives.
b. thoughts or their emotions.
c. heredity or their environment.
d. abilities or their effort.
e. dispositions or their situations.
____ 44. To
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of
deindividuation.
normative social influence.
social facilitation.
the mere exposure effect.
the social-responsibility norm.
____ 45. After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably
be
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment.
more likely to believe that rape is a serious crime.
more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.
less likely to believe that rape occurs quite frequently in society.
less likely to be interesting in nonviolent pornography.
____ 46. University College London volunteers used a mechanical device to press on another volunteer's
finger, after feeling pressure on their own finger. They typically responded to the pressure on their
finger with
a. hostility resulting from the frustration-aggression principle.
b. more pressure than they had just experienced.
c. Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.
d. the same amount of pressure they had just experienced.
e. less pressure than they had just experienced.
____ 47. If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best
illustrates
a. the mere exposure effect.
b. social loafing.
c. the bystander effect.
d. social facilitation.
e. the chameleon effect.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 48. An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for
a. the use of nuclear weapons to kill millions of unseen victims.
b. violent behaviors passed down from parents to children.
c. aggression that is accompanied by anger and hostility.
d. unexpected and unprovoked outbursts of aggression.
e. wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.
____ 49. Compared with others, strikingly attractive people make a(n) ________ favorable impression on
potential employers, and they are ________ likely to perceive praise for their work as sincere.
a. less; equally
b. more; less
c. more; more
d. equally; less
e. more; equally
____ 50. According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by
a. family ties.
b. feelings of social responsibility.
c. self-esteem.
d. calculations of costs and benefits.
e. reciprocity norms.
____ 51. By providing prospective terrorists with electronic “chat rooms” for interfacing online with others
who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
a. group polarization.
b. the bystander effect.
c. cognitive dissonance.
d. social facilitation.
e. GRIT.
____ 52. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines
a. only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.
b. even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
c. only when the group was composed exclusively of males.
d. even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
e. only when the group was composed of at least six members.
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Name: ______________________
ID: A
____ 53. Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are
a. reciprocity and social responsibility.
b. similarity and proximity.
c. reciprocity and social facilitation.
d. social-responsibility and social exchange.
e. social facilitation and social exchange.
____ 54. The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social
psychological research on
a. the effects of exposure to violent pornography.
b. the fundamental attribution error.
c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
d. the mere exposure effect.
e. altruism.
____ 55. A gap between modest goal attainments and very high goal expectations is most likely to trigger
a. social loafing.
b. group polarization.
c. deindividuation.
d. equity.
e. frustration.
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