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HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 16 Notes HOLE’S HA&P | CHAPTER SIXTEEN OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system. Identify and describe the parts of the major lymphatic pathways. Describe how tissue fluid and lymph form, and explain the function of lymph. Explain how lymphatic circulation is maintained, and describe the consequence of lymphatic obstruction. Describe a lymph node and its major functions. Describe the location of the major chains of lymph nodes. Discuss the locations and functions of the thymus and spleen. Distinguish between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses. List seven innate body defense mechanisms, and describe the action of each mechanism. Explain how two major types of lymphocytes are formed, activated, and how they function in immune mechanisms. Discuss the origins and actions of the five different types of antibodies. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune Reponses. Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Explain how allergic reactions, tissue rejection reactions, and autoimmunity arise from immune mechanisms. Describe life-span changes in immunity. 16.1 General Characteristics of the Lymphatic System 16.2 Lymphatic Pathways Lymph Capillaries Lymph Vessels LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 1 Lymph Nodes Trunks & Collecting Ducts 16.3-16.4 Tissue Fluid and Lymph / Lymph Flow 16.5 Lymph Nodes LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 2 16.6 THYMUS GLAND Structure: located in the mediastinum on the surface of the pericardium. SPLEEN 16.7 BODY DEFENSES AGAINST PATHOGENS LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 3 INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) DEFENSES Species Resistance Mechanical Barriers Chemical Barriers Natural Killer Cells Inflammation Phagocytosis Fever LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 4 ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSES OR IMMUNITY Antigens Lymphocyte Origins T Cells B Cells Antibodies Immunoglobulins Antibody Actions Immune Responses LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 5 Cell-Mediated Immunity LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 6 Antibody-Mediated Immunity LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 7 TABLE 16.9 | PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY Type Mechanism Natural Active Result Artificial Active Artificial Passive Natural Passive ALLERGIC REACTIONS Allergens Anaphylactic (immediate-reaction) – Type I Hypersensitivity Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction (type II) Immune Complex Reactions (type III) LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 8 TRANSPLANTATION AND TISSUE REJECTION General: Isograft Autograft Allograft Xenograft AUTOIMMUNITY General: AIDS Other Disorders LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 9 QUESTIONS 1. What are the general functions of the lymphatic system? 2. What is the relationship between tissue fluid and lymph? 3. What factors promote lymph flow? 4. In what body regions are lymph nodes most abundant? 5. What are the major functions of the lymph nodes? 6. What is a nonspecific defense mechanism? Give two examples. 7. Describe inflammatory response. How does inflammatory response help the body fight invaders? 8. What is humoral immune response? 9. What is cell-mediated response? LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 10 10.Complete the following table T lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Site of Maturation (Thymus / bone Marrow) Type of Immune Response (Humoral / Cell Mediated) Type of Anigens to shich the cell responds 11.Explain what happens when an organism is exposed to an antigen such as a bacterial cell and is stimulated to produce antibodies, making clear the role of the B lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells, antibodies, macrophages, K lymphocytes, mast cells, and the complement system. 12.Diagram a antibody molecule, label light and heavy chains and the antigen binding sites. 13.Describe how the cell-mediated immune response acts to defend the body against antigens such as those found on cancer cells or virus-infected cells. Be sure to include the role of memory cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, interleukins, lymphokines, macrophages, and mast cells. LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 11 14.How is the body able to respond specifically to a very large number of invaders(antigens)? 15.What is secondary immune response? Use a graph to illustrate how it works. 16.Explain how the body is able to recognize "self" from "nonself" and discuss the role of the antigens produced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the recognition of infected or transplanted cells. 17.What is an autoimmune disease? LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 12 18. Match the description with the correct compound or process. A. Antibodies B. Antigen C. Complement D. Cytokines E. Histamine F. Interferons G. H. I. J. Lysozyme Perforin Phagocytosis Pyrogens ______ Enzyme that digests the cell walls of many kinds of bacteria; present in some mucus secretions ______ Ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white blood cells ______ Released by basophils and mast cells in response to tissue injury; triggers dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries ______ Group of 20 or more blood proteins that cooperate with other defense mechanisms; may amplify inflammation, enhance phagocytosis or lyse pathogens; activated by immune response or exposure to antigens ______ Proteins produced by virus-infected cells; induce other cells to produce chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction ______ Foreign molecule that triggers a specific response by lymphocytes ______ Proteins, produced by plasma cells that bind to specific antigens ______ Proteins or peptides that serve to stimulate lymphocytes ______ Protein that forms pores in a target cell’s membrane LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 13 19.Match the description/function with the correct cell. A. B lymphocytes I. Monocytes B. Basophils J. Neutrophils C. Cytotoxic T cells K. NK cells D. Eosinophils L. Plasma cells E. Helper T cells M. Suppressor T cells F. Mast cells N. T lymphocytes G. Memory B cells H. Memory T cells ______ 60% to 70% of all white blood cells; phagocytic cells; engulf and destroy microbes in infected tissues ______ 5% of all white blood cells; exit circulation and enlarge to become macrophages; engulf and destroy bacteria and dead cells 1.5% of all white blood cells; defense against larger parasitic invaders; target foreign compounds or pathogens coated with antibodies Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected body cells and abnormal cells; destroy cells by attacking the cell’s membrane and causing the cell to rupture Cells found in connective tissue that produce and release histamine White blood cells that produce and release histamine Lymphocytes responsible for antibody-mediated immunity Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity Protein that forms pores in a target cell’s membrane Cells that produce antibodies; derived from B cells ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ Cells held in reserve; differentiate to form plasma cells with second exposure to antigen Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; track down and attack bacteria, fungi, protozoa and foreign tissues that contain targeted antigen Release cytokines that coordinate specific & nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity Remain in reserve; differentiate into cytotoxic T cells with second exposure to antigen Depress the action of other T cells and B cells by secreting suppression factors; limit the degree of the immune system action in response to a single exposure to an antigen LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 14 20. Match the description with the correct term. A. Allergens B. Allergies C. Autoimmune disorders D. Immunodeficiency disease ______ Immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response is blocked ______ Develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells & tissues ______ Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens ______ Antigens that trigger allergic reactions ______ AIDS/HIV ______ Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, Type 1 diabetes, Graves’ disease, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, lupus LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM | HA&P Notes Chapter 16 page 15