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HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
LYMPHATIC / IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 16 Notes
HOLE’S HA&P | CHAPTER SIXTEEN
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system.
Identify and describe the parts of the major lymphatic pathways.
Describe how tissue fluid and lymph form, and explain the function of lymph.
Explain how lymphatic circulation is maintained, and describe the consequence of lymphatic obstruction.
Describe a lymph node and its major functions.
Describe the location of the major chains of lymph nodes.
Discuss the locations and functions of the thymus and spleen.
Distinguish between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) defenses.
List seven innate body defense mechanisms, and describe the action of each mechanism.
Explain how two major types of lymphocytes are formed, activated, and how they function in immune
mechanisms.
Discuss the origins and actions of the five different types of antibodies.
Distinguish between primary and secondary immune Reponses.
Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
Explain how allergic reactions, tissue rejection reactions, and autoimmunity arise from immune mechanisms.
Describe life-span changes in immunity.
16.1 General Characteristics of the Lymphatic System
16.2 Lymphatic Pathways
Lymph Capillaries
Lymph Vessels
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Lymph Nodes
Trunks & Collecting
Ducts
16.3-16.4 Tissue Fluid and Lymph / Lymph Flow
16.5 Lymph Nodes
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16.6 THYMUS GLAND
Structure: located in the mediastinum on the surface of the pericardium.
SPLEEN
16.7 BODY DEFENSES AGAINST PATHOGENS
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INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) DEFENSES
Species Resistance
Mechanical Barriers
Chemical Barriers
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Fever
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ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSES OR IMMUNITY
Antigens
Lymphocyte Origins
T Cells
B Cells
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Antibody Actions
Immune Responses
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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TABLE 16.9 | PRACTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
Type
Mechanism
Natural Active
Result
Artificial Active
Artificial Passive
Natural Passive
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Allergens
Anaphylactic (immediate-reaction) – Type I
Hypersensitivity
Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction (type II)
Immune Complex Reactions (type III)
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TRANSPLANTATION AND TISSUE REJECTION
General:
Isograft
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft
AUTOIMMUNITY
General:
AIDS
Other Disorders
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QUESTIONS
1. What are the general functions of the lymphatic system?
2. What is the relationship between tissue fluid and lymph?
3. What factors promote lymph flow?
4. In what body regions are lymph nodes most abundant?
5. What are the major functions of the lymph nodes?
6. What is a nonspecific defense mechanism? Give two examples.
7. Describe inflammatory response. How does inflammatory response help the
body fight invaders?
8. What is humoral immune response?
9. What is cell-mediated response?
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10.Complete the following table
T lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
Site of Maturation
(Thymus / bone Marrow)
Type of Immune Response
(Humoral / Cell Mediated)
Type of Anigens to shich
the cell responds
11.Explain what happens when an organism is exposed to an antigen such as a
bacterial cell and is stimulated to produce antibodies, making clear the role of
the B lymphocytes, plasma cells, memory cells, antibodies, macrophages, K
lymphocytes, mast cells, and the complement system.
12.Diagram a antibody molecule, label light and heavy chains and the antigen
binding sites.
13.Describe how the cell-mediated immune response acts to defend the body
against antigens such as those found on cancer cells or virus-infected cells.
Be sure to include the role of memory cells, cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells,
suppressor T cells, interleukins, lymphokines, macrophages, and mast cells.
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14.How is the body able to respond specifically to a very large number of
invaders(antigens)?
15.What is secondary immune response? Use a graph to illustrate how it works.
16.Explain how the body is able to recognize "self" from "nonself" and discuss
the role of the antigens produced by the major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) in the recognition of infected or transplanted cells.
17.What is an autoimmune disease?
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18. Match the description with the correct compound or process.
A. Antibodies
B. Antigen
C. Complement
D. Cytokines
E. Histamine
F. Interferons
G.
H.
I.
J.
Lysozyme
Perforin
Phagocytosis
Pyrogens
______
Enzyme that digests the cell walls of many kinds of bacteria;
present in some mucus secretions
______
Ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white blood
cells
______
Released by basophils and mast cells in response to tissue injury;
triggers dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries
______
Group of 20 or more blood proteins that cooperate with other
defense mechanisms; may amplify inflammation, enhance
phagocytosis or lyse pathogens; activated by immune response or
exposure to antigens
______
Proteins produced by virus-infected cells; induce other cells to
produce chemicals that inhibit viral reproduction
______
Foreign molecule that triggers a specific response by lymphocytes
______
Proteins, produced by plasma cells that bind to specific antigens
______
Proteins or peptides that serve to stimulate lymphocytes
______
Protein that forms pores in a target cell’s membrane
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19.Match the description/function with the correct cell.
A. B lymphocytes
I. Monocytes
B. Basophils
J. Neutrophils
C. Cytotoxic T cells
K. NK cells
D. Eosinophils
L. Plasma cells
E. Helper T cells
M. Suppressor T cells
F. Mast cells
N. T lymphocytes
G. Memory B cells
H. Memory T cells
______
60% to 70% of all white blood cells; phagocytic cells; engulf and
destroy microbes in infected tissues
______
5% of all white blood cells; exit circulation and enlarge to become
macrophages; engulf and destroy bacteria and dead cells
1.5% of all white blood cells; defense against larger parasitic
invaders; target foreign compounds or pathogens coated with
antibodies
Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected body cells and abnormal
cells; destroy cells by attacking the cell’s membrane and causing
the cell to rupture
Cells found in connective tissue that produce and release
histamine
White blood cells that produce and release histamine
Lymphocytes responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity
Protein that forms pores in a target cell’s membrane
Cells that produce antibodies; derived from B cells
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
Cells held in reserve; differentiate to form plasma cells with
second exposure to antigen
Responsible for cell-mediated immunity; track down and attack
bacteria, fungi, protozoa and foreign tissues that contain targeted
antigen
Release cytokines that coordinate specific & nonspecific defenses
and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
Remain in reserve; differentiate into cytotoxic T cells with second
exposure to antigen
Depress the action of other T cells and B cells by secreting
suppression factors; limit the degree of the immune system action
in response to a single exposure to an antigen
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20. Match the description with the correct term.
A. Allergens
B. Allergies
C. Autoimmune disorders
D. Immunodeficiency disease
______
Immune system fails to develop normally or the immune response
is blocked
______
Develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal
body cells & tissues
______
Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens
______
Antigens that trigger allergic reactions
______
AIDS/HIV
______
Psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, multiple
sclerosis, narcolepsy, Type 1 diabetes, Graves’ disease, Addison’s
disease, pernicious anemia, lupus
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