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Chapter 6 Study Guide NAME:__________________________________________________________ Microbiology BI234 MUST be written and will not be accepted as a typed document. What is the difference between macronutrients, micronutrients, and trace elements? Give examples of each. What are the two most predominant components of the cell? Fill in the chart below: Category Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Saprobe Parasite What are the essential nutrients for microbes? What is the importance of each in the cell? Describe diffusion in detail. Include the physics behind it, ie. what are the molecules doing? What is a selectively permeable membrane? Draw what happens to a cell when you put it into hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. What help protect bacteria from this osmotic pressure? Energy Source Carbon Source
Example Page 1 of 5
Explain what could happen if IV fluids are not isotonic to the patient. What is the difference between active and passive transport? What is endocytosis? What is phagocytosis? What is being transported? What is pinocytosis? What is being transported? Environmental factors affect the microbes that live there. What is being affected most in the cell from these environmental factors? Some bacteria have narrow temperatures, some broad. How might a broad temperature range help a pathogen? Fill in the chart below: Temperature growth group Temp range Habitat Psychrophiles Psychrotrophs Mesophile Thermophile Extreme Thermophile What atmospheric gases most influence microbial growth? A microbe’s relationship 1. with oxygen falls into 2. one of three categories: 3. Why must a microbe be able to process oxygen to live in the presence of it? Example Page 2 of 5
Describe how most microbes neutralize oxygen. What 2 enzymes are important for this? Oxygen pattern Aerobes Microaerophiles Facultative anaerobes Anaerobes Aerotolerent anaerobes How can pH be damaging to cells? How does variation is osmoic pressure effect microbes? How do we use osmotic pressure to control microbial growth in some food types? What effect does radiation have on the cell? What is symbiosis? What is the difference between the following: Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism? What is antagonism? What is an example? What is synergism? What is an example? What are the steps of building a biofilm? Oxygen exposure Fill in the chart below: Example Description or drawing of culture appearance Page 3 of 5
How is a biofilm important to the organisms inhabiting it? What is quorum sensing? Describe the steps of binary fission. How does this contribute to exponential growth? Define generation time. What is a colony forming unit (CFU)? Draw the population growth curve of bacteria: Fill in the chart below: Growth phase Lag phase Exponential growth phase Stationary phase Death phase Explain why a person shedding bacteria early in an infection is more likely to infect others than a person shedding later in an infection. Explanation of what is occurring during phase Description or drawing of culture Page 4 of 5
Fill in the chart below: Counting method Turbidity Direct Counting Genetic Probing What’s working well and what’s a suggestion to help things work better? Explanation Pros and Cons Counting living and/or dead cells? Page 5 of 5