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Atomic Structure: SOL Review #1 Name: ____________________________________ Chapters 3, 4, 5, Nuclear Chemistry Core Concept: Protons, Electrons, Neutrons, Ions, Isotopes, Atomic Number Fringe Concepts: Historical Developments of the Atom & Chemistry Calculating Atomic Mass Diatomic Elements Half-Life Electron Configuration Periodic Table Periodic Trends Historical Developments 1) Democritus 2) Dalton 3) Thomson 4) Millikan 5) Rutherford 6) Bohr 7) Heisenberg 8) Mendeleev 9) Moseley all things made of tiny particles solid sphere model; Atomic Theory: all elements made of atoms, atoms of an element are identical cathode ray tube; discovered electron; plum pudding model oil drop; discovered mass and charge of electron gold foil; discovered nucleus; the atom is mostly empty space planetary model; (ex) flame test lab: electron goes from ground state to excited state uncertainty principle; can’t know momentum & position of electron at same time arranged periodic table by atomic mass arranged periodic table by atomic number Atomic Structure (see online activities for practice) 10) What are similarities and differences between the three isotopes of lithium? similar: same number of protons; both neutral (same number of electrons) different: different numbers of neutrons gives them a different mass number Calculating Atomic Mass 11) Magnesium has three isotopes. Magnesium-24 is 78.9% abundant, Magnesium-25 is 10.0% abundant, and Magnesium-26 is 11.1% abundant. Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium. 24.322 amu Half-Life 12) What is half-life? amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay 13) If carbon has a half-life of 5730 years, how 14) Radioactive iodine-131 has a half-life of eight much of a 500 gram sample will be left after days. How much of a 600.0 gram sample will 17190 years? be left after 32 days? 62.5 g 37.5 g 15) What is radiation? An unstable nucleus decays 16) Identify the three forms of radiation: Alpha: helium nucleus Beta: electron Electron Configuration 17) Write the electron configuration of Sulfur 1s22s22p63s23p4 18) Write the electron configuration of Nitrogen in the ground state 1s22s22p3 19) Write the noble gas configuration of Calcium [Ar]4s2 20) Write the noble gas configuration of Chlorine [Ne]3s23p5 21) Write the electron configuration of the Na+1 ion 1s22s22p6 22) Write the electron configuration of the P-3 ion 1s22s22p63s23p6 23) What is the electron configuration of scandium (Sc) in Sc(NO3)3 1s22s22p63s23p6 Gamma: high energy wave Orbital box diagram: 24) Oxygen: 1s22s22p4 25) Phosphorus: 1s22s22p63s23p3 26) How does the following orbital box diagram for Nitrogen violate Hund’s rule? The electrons are not “singly before pairing.” Electrons repel each other, so they do want not pair until there is no more “space” left in the sublevel. Periodic Table and Periodic Trends 27) Which elements would have similar properties to Na? Mg K Al Li 28) What is a period on the periodic table? row 29) What are two other names for a column on the periodic table? group, family 30) What is electronegativity? An atom’s ability to attract electrons to itself within a covalent bond. 31) What is ionization energy? The energy required to remove an electron. 32) Rank from largest to smallest atomic radius: Ge, Br, Se, As 33) Rank from largest to smallest atomic radius: K, Rb, Li, Na 34) Rank from highest to lowest electronegativity: Si, S, P, Cl Ge > As > Se > Br Rb > K > Na > Li Cl > S > P > Si Chemical Reactions: SOL Review #2 Chapter 9 Core Concepts: Balancing Equations Identify Type of Reaction Fringe Concepts: Counting Atoms (Subscripts) Law of Conservation of Mass 35) What is the difference between the classification of the following reactions? H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 2H2O + CaSO4 AND Li2CO3 + Al(OH)3 LiOH + Al2(CO3)3 They are both double replacement reactions. However, the reaction on the left is a neutralization reaction: Acid + Base Water + Salt. 36) How many oxygen atoms are represented in each of the following? (a) Ti2(SO4)3 12 (b) 3Al(OH)3 9 (c) 2Ca3(PO4)2 16 (d) 4Fe2O3 12 Balancing Equations 37) 2H2O 2H2 + O2 38) 3AgNO3 + AlCl3 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3 39) 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 40) 3Ca(OH)2 + Al2(SO4)3 3CaSO4 + 2Al(OH)3 41) Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O 42) Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 43) C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O 44) 3Ca(NO3)2 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO3 45) How many grams of product Z will be formed if 12.0 g of W react with 10.0 g of X to form 8.0 g of product Y in the reaction shown? 14.0 g W+XY+Z