Download Chapter 15 Reading Guide - Student

Name ____________________________________________
Chapter 15 Reading Guide
Processes of Evolution
Concept 15.1 Evolution is Both Factual and the Basis of Broader Theory
1. What is evolution?
2. What is evolutionary theory?
3. What are some of the useful applications of evolutionary theory?
4. Explain the basic observations made by Darwin that were the basis of his ideas on how species have
changed over time.
5. What are the three propositions that form the framework of an explanatory theory for evolutionary change.
STOP & WATCH: Bozeman Evidence of Evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC8k2Sb1oQ8
Concept 15.2 Mutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Nonrandom Mating Result in Evolution
6. What is the biological definition of a population?
7. ________________________ do not evolve, _______________________________ do.
1
8. What role do individual mutations play in natural selection.
9. What is the gene pool of a population?
10. What is allele frequency?
11. What is artificial selection? What type of organisms do we have in current form that are the result of
artificial selection?
12. What is an adaptation?
13. How does natural selection act to remove deleterious mutations?
14. What is gene flow?
15. What is genetic drift? When is genetic drift especially potent?
16. What are some potential causes of a population bottleneck? What bird experienced a genetic bottleneck in
that began in the 1900’s.
2
17. How does preferential mating affect homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in a population? What is the
term for this nonrandom mating?
18. Explain how sexual selection may be different from natural selection and give an example.
STOP & WATCH: Bozeman Genetic Drift: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQ_yN5znyk
Bozeman Macroevolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lk4_aIocyHc
Concept 15.3 Evolution Can Be Measured by Changes in Allele Frequencies
19. What does it mean if a gene is considered polymorphic at a particular locus?
20. If the frequency of either p (the frequency of the dominant allele) or q (the frequency of the recessive allele)
is known, what is the simple equation that can be used to calculated the other variable.
21. If there is only one allele at a given locus in a population, its frequency is 1: the population is then
___________________________ and the allele is said to be _________________________.
22. What is a population’s genetic structure?
23. What does the principle of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe and what conditions must exist for a
population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3
24. If all of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are in place, what are the two major consequences
that follow?
25. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation?
26. Why is the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium important despite the fact that populations never meet
its conditions?
27. Suppose you examine a population of toads breeding in a single pond and find that heterozygous genotypes
at several different loci are present at significantly lower frequencies than predicted by Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium. What are some possible explanations?
Bozeman Hardy-Weinberg Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEBNom3K9cQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPkOAnK20kw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTI1qMhNRFU
4
Concept 15.4 Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional or Disruptive
28. Distinguish between qualitative traits and quantitative traits.
29. Define the 3 ways natural selection can act on characters with quantitative variation and label each graph
below with the type that is being represented.
5
30. Which type of selection is typically favored in a population and what is another name for this type of
selection.
31. What will cause directional selection and what is another name for this type of selection? What is an
example of directional selection?
32. What will cause disruptive selection and what is an example of directional selection?
STOP & WATCH: Bozeman Selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6eZ7zIIOas
Concept 15.5 Genomes Reveal Both Neutral and Selective Processes of Evolution
33. What is a synonymous substitution (also called a silent substitution)? (You should already know this.)
Despite not affecting the functioning of a protein, what other consequences of this substitution exists?
34. What is a nonsynonymous substitution (also called a missense substitution)? What are potential results of
these mutations?
35. Why is the rate of substitutions highest in nucleotide positions that do not change the amino acid being
expressed?
36. What is the neutral theory proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1968?
6
37. There are formulas to calculate the rate that a mutations occur in populations and the rate that they get fixed
in populations. Because this rate is relatively constant over time, it can be used as a sort of
__________________________________ to calculate the evolutionary divergence times between species.
38. If homologous proteins are compared from different populations or species, what are the 3 observations
that are often made?
39. Explain the difference in the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the following
circumstances:
a. Amino acid replacement is neutral –
b. Amino acid sequence is under positive selection –
c. Amino acid is under purifying selection –
40. Refer to the Apply the Concept Section on page 315 and answer the following:
a. Which codon positions are likely evolving under positive selection? Why?
b. Which codon positions are likely evolving under purifying selection? Why?
41. Why a heterozygous individuals likely to outperform individuals that are homozygous? Use an example to
help your explanation.
7
42. On the surface, why does is make sense that more complex organisms have a larger genome?
43. When genomes of organism are investigated further, what do we find about the number of protein coding
genes in complex organisms when compared to the gene of a bacterium?
44. Most of the variation in the size of genomes is the result of noncoding DNA. What is the function of this
noncoding DNA? **You may leave out the information about pseudogenes**
Concept 15.6 Recombination, Lateral Gene Transfer, and Gene Duplication Can Result in New Features
45. What are the 3 disadvantages to sexual reproduction?
46. List some of the advantages of sexual reproduction that must outweigh the disadvantages in order for sexual
reproduction to persist. **You do not need to know concept of Muller’s ratchet**
47. What is lateral gene transfer? In what type of organisms is this most common?
8
48. Gene duplication is another way that genomes can acquire new function. The identical copies of the
duplicated genes can have any one of what four fates?
STOP & WATCH: Gene Duplication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmqHY4opHOM
Concept 15.7 Evolutionary Theory Has Practical Applications
49. What is “bioprospecting”?
50. What are the key elements of in vitro evolution, and how do these elements correspond to natural
evolutionary processes?
51. How can gene evolution be used to study protein function?
52. How are principles of evolutionary biology used to identify emerging diseases?
9