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Transcript
Personality is Observable and Measurable. Behaviorist Approach Behaviorist movement as reaction against psychology’s focus on unmeasurable phenomena A person’s “personality” is the sum-total of all of their experiences and nothing else! Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 Locke’s tabula rasa Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Terms Thorndike’s cats Skinner’s pigeons Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that will provoke a response without training Unconditioned Response (UR): The response to an unconditioned stimulus Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A stimulus that is paired with a US, and comes to provoke the same response as the US (in the absence of the US) Conditioned Response (CR): The same response as the UR, but now to a CS, rather than to a US Stimulus generalization Operant (“instrumental”) Conditioning Pavlov’s dogs Watson’s “Little Albert” Shaping Schedules of reinforcement Stimulus-response contingencies Reinforcement contingencies Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Historical Perspective e.g. Freud’s unconscious e.g. food e.g. salivation e.g. tone e.g. salivation Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs US (food) UR (salivation) pair with CS (tone) Classical Conditioning: Dog phobia US (bitten by dog) UR (fear) pair with CR (salivation) Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich CS (dog) CR (fear) Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich 1 How to “cure” a dog phobia 1: Extinction NOT BITTEN How to “cure” a dog phobia 2: Systematic Desensitization NO FEAR Think of dog FEAR!!! So…..… pair with Relaxation Response DOG pair with NO FEAR NO FEAR DOG Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich How to “cure” unhealthy behaviors, 1: How is this personality??? Aversion Therapy for Smoking Smoke Pleasure So…..… Put nauseating substance on tongue Remember: According to the behaviorist approach, personality is what we DO We are the sum-total of our observable, measurable behaviors Things like dog phobia, salivating when we hear the dinner bell, etc. define us Unconscious or otherwise unobservable reasons for the things we do are irrelevant to behaviorist approaches to personality NAUSEA pair with Smoke cigarette NO FEAR NAUSEA Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Operant Conditioning Terms More on Reinforcement Reinforcement: Increasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by presenting or removing a stimulus following that behavior Positive Reinforcement: Increasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by presenting an appetitive stimulus following the behavior Punishment: Decreasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by presenting or removing a stimulus following that behavior Negative Reinforcement: Increasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus following the behavior Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich e.g. press lever, get food e.g. press lever, shock ends Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich 2 What kind of reinforcement? More on Punishment Positive Punishment: Decreasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior Negative Punishment: Decreasing the frequency or probability of a behavior by removing an appetitive stimulus following the behavior e.g. climb pole to birdfeeder = shock (squirrels) e.g. break rules = no cigarettes (prison inmates) Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Operant Conditioning Summary Stimulus Added Reinforcement increases frequency of a behavior Positive reinforcment = by adding something nice Negative reinforcement = by taking something nasty away DO NOT confuse Negative Reinforcement with Punishment!!!!!! Reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior Punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior Behavior Increases Behavior Decreases Stimulus Taken Away Positive Reinforcement (+ appetitive) Negative Reinforcement (- aversive) Positive Punishment (+ aversive) Negative Punishment (- appetitive) Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Lauren and her Mom Lauren’s mother praises her every time she cleans her bedroom. Soon, Lauren is cleaning her room more and more. Positive Reinforcement Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Jenna’s cookies Robert’s co-worker, Jenna, brings homemade cookies to work. Each time Robert visits her in her office, she offers him a cookie. Over time, Robert visits Jenna’s office less and less. Positive Punishment Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich 3 Sleepy Ashley Ryan, the Don Juan Ashley’s loud alarm goes off at 6am. She hits the snooze button, and the alarm ceases. Ashley hits the snooze button again and again and again. Negative Reinforcement Ryan dates as much as he can. The women he dates smile and flirt with him, until he mentions that he is married. Then they stop smiling and flirting. Ryan stops mentioning that he is married on his dates. Negative Punishment Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Lisa, problem child Lisa goes outside and throws rocks at passing cars. Her parents go after her yelling, and drag her in off the street and lock her in her room. As time goes by, Lisa throws rocks at cars more and more. Positive Reinforcement Ron, the Dog Phobic Ron is so afraid of dogs he usually leaves his house by the back door to avoid meeting his neighbor’s puppy. Often he tries to work up the nerve to leave the front way, but his heart pounds and he feels awful. As soon as he decides to chicken out one more time, Ron feels better. Soon he is always sneaking out the back. Negative Reinforcement Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Two-stage theory of phobias Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning Some neutral US is paired with a CS that produces fear Phobias are maintained by operant conditioning Each time the phobic object is removed or avoided negative reinforcement occurs Because the phobic object is always avoided, the phobic never learns the object is harmless Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Get reinforced every time you engage in the behavior Extinction is easy Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich Fixed Interval Reinforcement Get reinforced every n hours/minutes/seconds/day s e.g. weekly paycheck Variable Interval Reinforcement Get reinforced on average every n hours/ minutes/seconds/days ) Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich 4 Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Get reinforced for every n responses e.g. piecework Variable Ratio Reinforcement Get reinforced for, on average, every n responses Extinguishing a response e.g. fixed interval – how long before you quit if the paychecks stop coming regularly? e.g. variable ratio – how long does it take for someone who grows up abused to feel safe? Source: Ron Noble and Jennifer Ostovich 5