Download Chapter 10 Lymphatic and Immune Systems Chapter Objectives

Chapter 10
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Chapter Objectives
Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system.
Label on a diagram the organs which make up the lymphatic system
Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system.
Describe the major functions of the immune system.
Analyze, define and pronounce terms related to the lymphatic and immune
systems.
Successfully complete the review exercises at the end of the chapter.
The Lymphatic System
The major structures of the lymphatic system are the lymph vessels, lymph nodes,
lymph fluid, tonsils and adenoids, spleen, thymus and lymphocytes. This system has its
own vessels and fluids but does not have its own cells. Blood cells that are specialized
fill this role. The functions of the lymphatic system in the body include:
¾ return excess lymph (interstitial fluid) to the blood stream
¾ carry nutrients, hormones and oxygen to body tissue
¾ absorb fats and fat soluble vitamins from the digestive system and
transports them to the cells
¾ functions as part of the immune system
The vascular component of the lymphatic system consists of three types of vessels:
¾ lymphatic capillaries which are the smallest vessels. These vessels have
thin walls and carry the lymph from the tissue spaces to the larger lymph
vessels. These larger vessels are called .....
¾ lymphatics, which drain into the larger ........
¾ right and left lymph ducts
Lymph Nodes
The lymph nodes are located in the lymph vessels and are small bean-shaped
structures. These nodes provide storage for the cells of the immune system (B cells
and T cells). The primary function of the nodes is to filter the lymph fluid and rmove any
harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses and malignant cells. After these agents
are filtered the immune system destroys them.
Lymph Fluid
The fluid of the lymphatic system is called lymph. It is also known as intercellular or
interstitial fluid. This is a colorless clear fluid that leaves the capillaries and moves into
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the tissue spaces. The function of the fluid is to bring nutrients and hormones to the
cells. It will also remove waste products from the cells.
Lymph Glands
A number of glands in the body are made up of lymphatic tissue and play a role in the
immune system functioning. These are:
¾ Tonsils (tonsil/o) and Adenoids (adenoid/o)
o located in the neck
o filters for bacteria
o three pairs are located in the throat. These are:
›
palatine (palat/o)(located in the oropharynx & are visible
through the mouth)
›
nasopharyngeal (also called adenoids)
›
lingual (lingu/o)(located at the base of the tongue)
¾ Spleen (splen/o)
o large organ located in the left side of the abdomen
o storehouse for red blood cells and releases them when required
o contains a great many phagocytes that breakdown red blood cells and
other cellular debris.
o in the adult if the bone marrow is damaged the spleen can function to
produce red blood cells.
¾ Thymus gland (thym/o)
o located near the heart in the chest cavity
o it is both a lymphatic and an endocrine gland
o stimulates the bone marrow to produce T-cells which then mature in
the thymus gland.
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Duct
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Lymph duct
Lymph node
Capillary bed
Immune System
The immune system (immun/o) is there to protect the entire body from a variety of
harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, malignant cells, etc. Unlike other
body systems the immune system is not contained within a single set of organs or
vessels. The immune system depends on structures from the lymphatic, cardiovascular
and integumentary systems.
The immune system works primarily through an antigen/antibody reaction. An antigen
is any substance that the body views as being foreign to its normal functioning: eg virus,
bacteria. An antigen that gets into the body causes the formation of antibodies.
Antibodies are disease-fighting proteins that are developed by the body to respond to
the antigen that has invaded it. The antibody results in the antigen no longer being
harmful to the body.
The body has specialized cells that are responsible for the immune reaction to antigens.
Some of these are:
¾ Lymphocytes
o A class of white blood cells that specialize in the attack of
microorganisms.
o Formed in the lymphatic tissue
¾ T cells
o
o
o
o
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A small type of lymphocyte produced in the bone marrow
Matures in the thymus gland
Primary function is to coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms
Are also involved in the body’s rejection of transplanted tissue.
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Your health status is an important factor in the ability of your immune system to respond
to an antigen invading your body. The healthier you are the more likely that your
immune system can respond effectively. As we age the immune system tends to
respond less quickly and effectively to a challenge. If you are resistant to a particular
type of infection you are said to have immunity. At birth you have some inborn
immunity to some antigens and then during our life we “acquire” immunity to other
conditions e.g. antibodies develop after measles so you don’t get them again.
Word Parts for the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Roots
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
aden/o
denoid/o
aut/o
blast/o
carcin/o
immun/o
lingu/o
lymphaden/o
lymphangi/o
lymph/o
nas/o
onc/o
palat/o
phag/o
pharyng/o
splen/o
therap/o
thym/o
tonsil/o
gland
adenoid
self
immature
cancer
immunity, safe
tongue
lymph gland (node)
lymph vessels
lymph
nose
tumor
palate or roof of mouth
eating or swallowing
pharynx, throat
spleen
therapy
thymus gland
tonsils
Suffixes
¾ -immune
¾ -lytic
¾ -oma
immunity, safe
destroy
tumor
Prefixes
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
antimacrometamicr/o
peri-
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against
large
beyond, change
small
surround
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Term Analysis and Definition
Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
aut/o
autoimmune
disease
aut = self
immun = immune
Disease in which the body
makes antibiotics that attack
its own tissue
immun/o
immunology
immun = immune,
safe
-logy= study of
Study of the immune system
immunity
-ity = condition, state
State of being resistant to
disease or having immunity
lymphaden/o
Lymphadenopathy
lymph = lymph
aden - gland
-pathy = disease
Disease of the lymph gland
lymphangi/o
lymphangitis
lymph = lymph
angi = vessel
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the lymph
vessels
lymph/o
lymphedema
lymph = lymph
-edema =
accumulation of fluid
Accumulation of fluid due to
an obstruction in the lymph
system.
lymphoma
-oma = tumor
Tumor of the lymph structures
splenectomy
splen = spleen
-ectomy = surgical
removal
Surgical removal of the spleen
splenorrhagia
-rrhagia = bursting
forth
Hemorrhage from the spleen
thym/o
thymectomy
thym = thymus gland
-ectomy = surgical
removal
Surgical removal of the
thymus gland.
-phoresis
Electrophoresis
electr = electric
-phoresis = carry,
transmission
Lab test in which substances
are separated by transmission
of an electric current
splen/o
Vocabulary Words:
Autoimmune disease
a condition in which the body’s immune system becomes
defective and produces antibodies against itself ex:
hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis
Lymph
a clear, colourless, alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic
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vessels
Lymphedema
an abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces
Lymphoma
a lymphoid neoplasm, usually malignant
Opportunistic infection
A protozoal, fungal, viral or bacterial infection that occurs
when one’s immune system is compromised.
Abbreviations:
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
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