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Learning
Define avoidance conditioning
When a person’s behavior has the effect
on preventing an unpleasant situation from
happening.
A primary reinforcer satisfies a biological
need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep. A
secondary reinforcer is one that has been
paired with a primary reinforcer and,
through classical conditioning, has
acquired value and reinforcement.
Define Primary and secondary reinforcers
According to psychologists, what are the
disadvantages of punishment?
Aversive stimuli can produce unwanted
side effects such as rage, aggression, and
fear. Also, people learn to avoid the
person delivering the aversive
consequences.
Define Extinction and spontaneous
recovery.
Extinction is the gradual disappearance of
a conditioned response when the
conditioned stimulus is repeatedly
presented without the unconditioned
stimulus. Spontaneous recovery is when
after a rest period, the conditioned
response may reappear when the
conditioned stimulus is presented again
alone.
Define classical conditioning
A learning procedure in which associations
are made between an unconditioned
stimulus and a neutral stimulus that
becomes a conditioned stimulus
Define learned helplessness
A condition in which repeated attempts to
control or influence a situation fail,
resulting in the belief that the situation is
uncontrollable and that any effort to cope
will fail.
How do taste aversions develop?
Taste aversions develop after a bad
experience with a particular food, such as
poisoning. Taste aversion can develop
after just one pairing of the food with
getting sick.
Define discrimination
The ability to respond differently to similar
but distinct stimuli.
Define Cognitive maps
A mental picture of spatial relationships or
relationships between events.
What is latent learning?
Is learning that is not demonstrated by an
immediately observable change in
behavior at the time of the learning.
Define schedules of reinforcement
There are four schedules for
reinforcement: 1) fixed ratio: after a fixed
number of responses 2) Fixed interval:
after a fixed amount of time has passed
between responses 3) Variable ratio: after
a varying number of responses 4) Variable
interval: after varying amounts of time
Define aversive control
The process of influencing behavior by
means of unpleasant stimuli.
Define shaping
A process in which a person can use
reinforcement to create new responses by
successively reinforcing behaviors that get
closer and closer to the desired behavior.
Define acquisition
Acquisition of a classically conditioned
response occurs gradually. With each
pairing of the neutral stimulus with the
unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned, or
learned, response in strengthened.
The dog in Pavlov’s experiments started to
salivate when it heard the sound of a
tuning fork. The dog’s salivation is called
a _________.
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, generalization
refers to __________.
The tendency for a stimulus that is similar
to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit
a response that is similar to the
conditioned response.
Define negative reinforcement
Increasing the strength of a given
response by removing or preventing a
painful stimulus when the response
occurs.
Define escape conditioning
Training of an organism to remove or
terminate an unpleasant stimulus.
In a ________, people are rewarded for
behaving in an appropriate manner with
valueless subjects.
Token economy
Name and describe the three different
types of modeling.
Simplest form: the behavior of others
simply increases the changes of repeating
it.
Observational learning: watching someone
perform
Disinhibition: watching someone else
engage in a threatening activity without
being punished, making it easier later