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How can we explain Attachment? Two theories prevail that you need to know of. • Learning theory (behavioural theory) • Evolutionary theory • Learning Theory – Explanations which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than any inborn tendencies. = Nurture • Evolutionary Theory- behaviour has adapted through evolution so that advantageous physical or behavioural characteristics are more likely to survive. = Nature Learning Theory (behaviourism) •Learning theory very popular in psychology in early 20th Century. •Learning theory proposes that all behaviour is leant and we are born as a ‘blank slate’ •Learning theorists suggest that all learning including attachment is learnt through either operant or classical conditioning Learning Theory • Question: Why do pet cats show a lot of affection to their owners when they hear the sound of food being prepared? Learning Theory • Lesson Objectives: • To apply the key terms of classical conditioning to attachment and understand how children can form an attachment through learning. • To evaluate the learning theory using animal studies. Learning Theory - Background • Learning theories of attachment focus on the rewards provided by caregivers. • Question: What type of rewards do caregivers provide their children with? • • • • Food Comfort Warmth Shelter Classical Conditioning • Task: While watching the following video, fill in the blanks on your handout, using the key words provided. Before conditioning • In the video, Rover (the dog) is presented with a stimulus – a bell. When the bell is rung, there is no response in Rover. This is because dogs are not naturally wired to respond to a bell. Therefore, we call neutral stimulus the bell a ________________________. • When Rover is introduced to the sight of food his natural response is to salivate. This is a natural/innate reaction so this stimulus is called unconditioned stimulus and his response is called an an ________________________ ________________________. unconditioned response During conditioning • If we repeatedly ring the bell immediately before presenting Rover conditioned with food, he will be ________________________ to respond to the bell. After conditioning • Now Rover will salivate upon hearing the bell even in the absence of food. This response has been conditioned. It is now a conditioned response ________________________, and the bell has become a conditioned stimulus ________________________. Classical conditioning – learning through association To summarise… 1. Before conditioning 2. Before conditioning 3. During conditioning 3. After conditioning Classical Conditioning & Attachment Let’s imagine the following: Pavlov’s dog is now a baby The bell is now the mother The dog food is now milk Classical Conditioning • Task: In groups, cut out and arrange the pictures and key words provided to demonstrate the process of classical conditioning in attachment, using the four stages detailed below. 1. Before conditioning 2. Before conditioning Happy baby – relieved from hunger Unconditioned stimulus 3. During conditioning Unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus Unconditioned response No response Neutral stimulus 3. After conditioning Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response 1. Before conditioning 2. Before conditioning Happy baby – relieved from hunger Unconditioned stimulus 3. During conditioning Unconditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus Unconditioned response No response Neutral stimulus 3. After conditioning Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus No response Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Task: Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the process of classical conditioning for attachment. Either draw pictures or write the name of what should appear in each section. It’s on the back of the gap fill Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus No response Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Unconditioned Response Classical Conditioning & Attachment Task: Write a short summary of how children form an attachment through classical conditioning. Use your diagram to help you. Hint: Make sure that you relate your answer to the formation of an emotional tie/bond between the mother and child. Don’t just conditioning. outline classical Harlow(1959) • Question: While watching the following video, consider the following question: Do Harlow’s findings support or refute the learning theory of attachment, and why? Harlow (1959) • Task: Using the information provided on the Harlow (1959) study, write a burger paragraph evaluating the learning theory of attachment. Explain Evidence or Example Point The Burger Technique One issue with the learning theory of attachment is that there is conflicting research by Harlow (1959). Harlow (1959) found… This matters because… The Burger Technique • Task: Swap your completed burger with your partner and assess whether your partner has written an effective evaluation point. Consider the following: 1) Have they explained the results of Harlow (1959) so that someone who doesn’t know this study would understand the outcome? 2) Have they explained why Harlow’s research undermines the learning theory effectively? Evidence or Example One issue with the learning theory of attachment is that there is conflicting research by Harlow (1959). Harlow (1959) found that rhesus monkeys who were raised by two artificial surrogate mothers – one which provided food and one which provided comfort – spent most of their time cuddled to the soft cloth-covered mother, suggesting that attachments are based on contact comfort and not food. Explain Point The Burger Technique This matters because it undermines the learning theory which suggests that babies form attachments for food, whereas Harlow suggests that attachments form for comfort and not food.