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“If a man does not keep peace with his companions, Perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured and far away.” -Henry David Thoreau Theories of Personality Mrs. Hart Psychology II What is Personality Personality is the consistent, enduring, and unique characteristics of a person. They are general trends, not absolutes. Theories of Personality • Ultimately, personality theories attempt to explain, understand and predict behavior by understanding general trends in the cognitive processes of individuals. • Also, to identify trait correlations, identify the differences among individuals, and improve life of individuals. Major Schools of Personality Theory • Psychoanalytical • Behaviorists • Social Learning • Humanistic • Trait Psychoanalytical Theory: Freud Unconscious/Subconscious • The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors. • According to Freud, there are three parts to one’s personality; the id, ego, and superego. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUELAi HbCxc (2:09) The Id The id is the part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts and repressed materials. It is selfish, makes demands, and wants instant gratification. The Ego The part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways. The Superego The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id. Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms – certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances. • Rationalization • Repression • Denial • Projection • Reaction Formation • Regression • Displacement •Sublimation Rationalization • “Excuse making” • To attribute (one’s actions) to rational and creditable motives without analysis of true and especially unconscious motives • Using incorrect but self-serving explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings • Example – I cheated on the test because the teacher makes the tests way too hard. Repression Repression is a mental process by which distressing thoughts, memories, or impulses that may give rise to anxiety are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious”. Denial During denial confrontation with a personal problem or with reality is avoided by denying the existence of the problem or reality. Projection • The attribution of one’s own ideas, feelings, or attitudes to other people or to objects. • Externalizing blame, guilt, or responsibility. • “Blaming”. • Example – I’m not a jerk he is… • …I’m not trying to hook up with her, she is trying to hook up with me… Reaction Formation • One form of behavior substitutes for or conceals the opposite behavior in order to protect against it. • Example – a guy that is gay is acting like a player trying to deny it. Regression Regression is reversion to an earlier mental or behavioral level or to an earlier stage of development in response to stress. • Example – your girlfriend makes you mad, so you stick your tongue out at her and go “pfhew”. Displacement Displacement is transferring feelings about a person or event onto someone or something else. • Example – being best friends with your dog. Sublimation Sublimation is the channeling of unacceptable thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behavior. • Example – getting good grades, working out, holding the door… Psychoanalytical Theory Carl Jung • Jung agreed with Freud that a person’s past and childhood experiences determined future behavior, but he also believed that we are shaped by our future (aspirations) too. • He also distinguished between the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious, which is a storehouse of instincts, urges, and memories of the entire human species throughout history. • Jung called these inherited universal ideas archetypes. Archetypes are images or thoughts that have the same meaning for all human beings. Archetypes • Persona (our social mask); this is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone different to who we really are (like an actor). • Shadow is a common archetype which is similar to Freud’s id and comprises our animal urges of survival and reproduction. • Anima/animus (our male or female sides); each gender manifests attitudes and behavior of the other by virtue of centuries of living together. Psychoanalytical Theory: Alfred Adler • Believed that the driving force in people’s lives is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority. • He describes a person who continually tries to compensate for his weaknesses and avoid feelings of inadequacy as having an inferiority complex. • Also believed that the way parents treat their kids influences the style of life they choose. Learning Theories of Personality: Skinner - Behaviorism • Proposed that our differences in our learning experiences are the main reason behind our individual differences in our behavior. • People learn these patterns of behavior either directly (reward as positive reinforcement of good behavior or punishment as a negative reinforcement of bad behavior) or indirectly (through observational learning or modeling). Learning Theories of Personality: Albert Bandura • Personality is acquired through a combination of reinforcement/punishment and observational learning/imitation . Humanistic Theories of Personality: Abraham Maslow • Maslow based his theory of personality on studies of healthy, creative, self-actualizing people who fully utilized their talents and potential, rather than on studies of disturbed individuals. Traits of a Self-Actualized Person • Self-actualized individuals perceive reality accurately. They accept themselves, other people and their environments. • They are able to focus on tasks and are more likely to base decisions on ethical principles. They have a strong sense of identity with other human beings, and they a have strong sense of humor, but laugh with people, not at them. Traits of a Self-Actualized Person • Self-actualized people are exceptionally spontaneous and independent. They value privacy and seek out solitude. • These individuals appreciate even the simplest things, approach their lives with a sense of discovery, rarely feel bored, and enjoy life itself. They are creative and original. Carl Roger: Self Theory For a person to "grow", they need • An environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure). • Acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard). • Empathy (being listened to and understood). Self-Concept The self-concept includes three components: • Self-worth (self esteem) – what a person thinks about himself • Self-image – how a person sees himself, which is important to good psychological health. • Ideal self – This is the person who one would like to be. Congruence Congruence: means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s “ideal self” (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). “Full-Functioning Person” • • • • • Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person, who exhibits five traits: Open to experience Existential living (in touch with different experiences as they occur in life) Trustful feelings Creativity Fulfilled life Trait Theories of Personality The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of characteristics that cause individuals to behave in certain ways. The combination and interaction of various traits forms a personality that is unique to each individual. Trait theory is focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics. Trait Theory: Allport Categorized these traits into three levels: • Cardinal Traits: traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. • Central Traits: the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent, honest, shy and anxious are considered central traits. • Secondary Traits: traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line. Raymond Cattell: Sixteen Trait Theory Each person contains sixteen traits to a certain degree. • Abstractedness: Imaginative v. practical • Apprehension: Worried v. confident • Dominance: Forceful v. submissive • Emotional Stability: Calm v. high strung • Liveliness: Spontaneous v. restrained • Openness to Change: Flexible v. attached to the familiar • Perfectionism: Controlled v. undisciplined • Privacy: Discreet v. open Raymond Cattell: Sixteen Trait Theory • Reasoning: Abstract v. concrete • Rule Consciousness: Conforming v. non- conforming • Sensitivity: Tender-hearted v. tough-minded. • Social Boldness: Uninhibited v. shy • Tension: Impatient v. relaxed • Vigilance: Suspicious v. trusting • Warmth: Outgoing v. reserved • Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient v. dependent "Big Five" Theory • • • • • This five-factor model of personality represents five core traits that interact to form human personality. While researchers often disagree about the exact labels for each dimension, the following are described most commonly: Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness Big Bang Personalities • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BuR4VU1OOc Best of Sheldon • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eD8RhPDU5Y Penny Moments https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcnFDtFbng