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AP Review: Personality & Measurement Personality Theories Psychoanalytic - Freud: Unconscious, Id, Ego, Superego, stages of development and fixations. Defense mechanisms - Carl Jung: Personal Unconscious, Collective Unconscious, and Archetypes - Alfred Adler: Striving for superiority, compensation Personality Theories Humanists - Free will, people innately good - Self Concept, Self Esteem, Self Actualization - Carl Rogers - Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs - People must feel accepted in order to self actualize Personality Theories Trait Theories: describing people’s personality through dominant characteristic: honesty, laziness, ambition Personality Traits The Big Five Personalities ( Costa & McCrae ) - Extraversion - Agreeableness - Conscientious - Openness to Experience - Consistency: Mood Personality Theory Social Cognitive ( Albert Bandura ) - Personality created by interaction between persons traits, environment, and behavior - Triadic Reciprocality – person can add to the environment with their personality, the environment can add to one’s personality - High Self Efficacy: optimistic - Low Self Efficacy: sense of powerlessness Personality Theories Behaviorism ( Skinner ) Behavior is personality, the way people think is meaningless - Behavior determined by the environment - Change the environment, change the personality Personality Assessments Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ( MMPI ) - Self report inventory questions - No evaluator bias Problems - People may be dishonest - Social Desirability Bias - Responsibility Sets Personality Assessments Thematic Apperception Test ( TAT ) - Projective Test - Participant is shown a number of pictures that have people in ambiguous situation - Individuals describe what they see - Projective tests – results open to interpretation, possibly unreliable Personality Assessment Rorschach Test: Inkblot Cultural Differences and Personality - Big Five Traits universal - Possibly some cultural differences between nations on some traits - Individualism: personal goals put ahead of the group - Collectivism: putting groups goals ahead of personal goals Culture & Personality Self Concept - USA: independent, individualistic - East Asia: Interdependent, the self is interconnected with group Testing & Individual Differences Intelligence is the ability to gather and use information in productive ways. Abstract Measures: Fluid Intelligence – reasoning ability, memory capacity, speed of information processing Crystallized Intelligence: ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving Culture & Intelligence There are racial differences in IQ scores Most psychologists attribute differences due to environmental situations such as - socioeconomic factors ( poverty ) - test bias Intelligence Theory Charles Spearman: Intelligence consists of specific abilities that come down to one factor, the g Factor Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences; linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, body – kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist Intelligence Theories Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory 1. Componential or Analytic Intelligence traditional intelligence & skills 2. Experimental & Creative Intelligence 3. Contextual / Practical Intelligence Test Design Standardization: piloted by test groups to establish test norms Reliability: Consistency of the test as a measurement Validity: did test measure what it is suppose to measure? Test Measurement Normal Curve: - Mean ( average ) center of the curve is set at 100 - 68% of scores will fall within one standard deviation from the mean - 95% of scores will fall within 2 standard deviations from the mean Disability Retarded / intellectual disability IQ = 70 – 75, 1.5% of population Mild: 55 -70 can be self supporting Moderate: 40 – 55 semi independent Severe: 25 – 40 Total support needed Profound: under 25 Total care Gifted Rely heavily on IQ IQ over 130 Schools consider top 2% - 3% People Alfred Binet Francis Galton Howard Gardner Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Louis Terman David Wechsler