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Transcript
Important Psychologists History Wilhelm Wundt History Edward Titchener William James History History G. Stanley Hall History Created first psychology lab to study conscious experience (introspectionrecord your own thoughts, feelings, perceptions) Brought Wundt’s ideas to the US & called it structuralism First Harvard professor in psychology, functionalist, wrote first psych textbook, liked Darwin/evolution Founded American journal of psychology Learning Ivan Pavlov Learning Classical conditioning John B. Watson Learning Classical conditioning Learning Operant conditioning Learning Operant conditioning Learning Observational Learning Learning Taste aversion Learning Insight Learning BF Skinner Edward Thorndike Albert Bandura John Garcia Wolfgang Kohler Robert Rescorla Martin Seligman Learning Learned helplessness “Salivating Dogs,” classical conditioning UCSUCR NS CSCR “Little Albert,” founder of behaviorism in America “Skinner Box” “Operant Chamber” (rats & pigeons) Reinforcements The Law of Effect: if behavior is reinforced it is more likely it is to reoccur (studied hungry cats in a maze) Studies observational learning, Bobo Doll, modeling behaviors, we learn from observing others & imitate behaviors Studied rats with radiation and taste aversion, there is a biological/evolutionary element to taste aversion Insight learning in chimpanzees, also co-founder of Gestalt psychology (whole/grouping) Animals can learn the predictability of an event, the more predictable the association the stronger the conditioned response Studied learned helplessness in dogs receiving shocks, ideas applied to humans Intelligence Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Intelligence Intelligence Robert Sternberg Alfred Binet Lewis Terman David Wechsler Intelligence Intelligence Intelligence Intelligence “G” general intelligence 8 Multiple Intelligences: interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, logical/mathematical, visual-spatial, linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, musical Triarchic Theory: analytical, creative, practical Designed the first intelligence test for French school children Developed the most widely used intelligence test today (WAIS) Personality Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Hans Eysenck Personality Psychoanalysis Personality Psychoanalysis Personality Psychoanalysis Personality Psychoanalysis Personality Trait Personality Trait Personality Trait Id, ego, superego, defense mechanisms, Psychosexual stages, fixation, unconscious Collective unconscious Criticized penis envy, concept of womb envy, pioneered study of women in psychology Inferiority complex, striving for superiority/perfection Cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits (situational) 16 trait personality inventory, surface traits appear in clusters, factor analysis Big 3 dimensions of personality Abraham Maslow Personality Humanistic Personality Humanistic Carl Rogers Hierarchy of Needs, self-actualization Unconditional positive regard (acceptance), genuineness, empathy Free will, human nature is good, self-concept Memory & Cognition Hermann Ebbinghaus Elizabeth Loftus Memory The forgetting curve, spacing effect, don’t cram Memory Noam Chomsky Language BF Skinner Language Language Constructed memories, eyewitness testimony is unreliable due to constructed memories and false information effect, debunked repressed memories We have a built-in language acquisition device, learning language is cognitive brain function not social, natural tendency to learn language We imitate language we hear, rewards & punishments Whorf hypothesis: linguistic determinism=language determines how we think Benjamin Lee Whorf Development Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Erik Erikson Psychosocial Development Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gilligan Mary Ainsworth Moral Development Attachment Harry Harlow Attachment Lev Vygotsky Development Alfred Kinsey William Masters & Virginia Johnson Elizabeth KublerRoss Sexuality Sexuality Death Stages: sensorimotor (object permanence, stranger anxiety), preoperational (egocentrism, animism), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational Schemas, assimilation, accommodation 8 stages of psychosocial development Preconventional-rewards, punishments Conventional-societal rules & expectations Postconventional-follow own moral compass Criticized Kohlberg’s use of only males; there is a relationship & caring about others element to morality “Strange Situation” Secure attachment: stable, positive, confident to explore Insecure-avoidant: avoid reunion with parent, don’t deal with new experiences well, may have problems later in life Cloth/wire monkey experiment; stronger bond with cloth mother, need for affection & touch creates a stronger bond; more important than food Zone of proximal development: children cannot master tasks alone but can with guidance of capable partner Studies on human sexuality Sexual Response Cycle: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution Studied sex & masturbation of 700 people 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance Motivation & Emotion William James & Carl Lange Walter Cannon & Phillip Bard Stanley Schachter & Jerome Singer Emotion StimulusArousalEmotion Emotion StimulusArousal + Emotion simultaneously Emotion StimulusArousal + Cognitive LabelEmotion Social Psychology Phillip Zimbardo Solomon Asch Attitudes, Roles Conformity Stanley Milgram Obedience/Compliance Stanford prison experiment Studied conformity when subjects were shown lines of different lengths, 1/3 of participants conformed to accomplices’ answers even when wrong Electric shocks delivered from teacher to learner; 2/3 delivered most dangerous shock and followed the authority figure