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AP Psych—People to Know for the AP EXAM
1. Adler (Alfred): neo-freudian; inferiority complex - we are all striving for superiority
in the eyes of others
2. Ainsworth (Mary): Developmental Psychology- placed human infants into a "strange
situation" in order to examine attachment to parents
3. Allport (Gordon): trait approach- cardinal, central, secondary traits
4. Asch (Solomon): Social Psychology- conformity experiment, people incorrectly
reported lengths of lines; impression formation study, professor was warm or cold
5. Atkinson and Shiffrin: memory model - sensory reg STM LTM
6. Bandura (Albert): Learning and Personality- social-learning theory (modeling - Bobo
Doll exp.); reciprocal determinism (triadic reciprocality); self efficacy;
7. Beck (Aaron): cognitive therapy treating depression, avoid self-defeating thoughts
8. Binet (Alfred): Testing and Individual Differences/ Developmental Psychologycreator of the first intelligence test - Stanford-Binet
9. Bouchard: Minnesota twin studies
10. Broca: left frontal lobe: associated with expressive language
11. Cattell (Raymond): crystallized fluid intelligence, 16PF personality theory
12. Chomsky (Noam): Cognition- theorized the critical period hypothesis for language
acquisition
13. Clark (Kenneth & Mamie): supreme court used in the brown vs. board decision, doll
studies
14. Darley (John): bystander apathy
15. Ebbinghaus (Herman): forgetting: Decay Model; early memory studies, "the
forgetting curve"
16. Elliot (Jane): brown eyed/blue eyed experiment; effects of racism.
17. Ellis (Albert): rational emotive therapy; cognitive theorist
18. Erikson (Erik): Developmental Psychology- psychosocial stage theory of development,
8 stages; neo-freudian
19. Eysenck (Hans): biological model of personality; trait-type hierarchy (internal or
external and emotional or stable)
20. Festinger: cognitive dissonance
21. Flynn: "Flynn Effect" IQ increasing, SAT scores falling
22. Freud (Sigmund): Personality and States of Consciousness- psychosexual stage
theory of personality (oral,anal,phallic, and adult genital); stressed importance of
unconscious and sexual drive; psychoanalytic therapy; theory of dreaming; id, ego,
superego
23. Friedman and Rosenman: Type A/B personality, cardiologists
24. Gage (Phineas): railroad spike; damaged(limbic system), emotions/motivational
control center
25. Garcia: conditioned taste aversion
26. Gardner (Howard): Multiple intelligence theory
27. Genie: critical period for learning and language, impoverished env. Effects
28. Gibson: visual cliff
29. Gilligan (Carol): Faulted Kohlberg, females more relationship based/males justice;
argued that Kohlberg's work missed important information in women
30. Goleman (Daniel): Emotional intelligence
31. Hall (Stanley): first psych lab at JHU
32. Hare: psychopathic, anti-social behavior
33. Harlow (Harry): contact comfort (more important than nursing), monkey studies;
Developmental Psychology- experimented with infant monkeys and attachment
34. Heider: attribution theory
35. Horney (Karen): refuted freuds idea of females having weaker superegos and Penis
envy; neo-freudian: womb envy, basic childhood anxiety: we all are unconsciously seeking
love
36. Hubel and Wiesel: Nobel prize feature detector cells on the visual cortex
37. James (William): Methods and History and Approaches- published psychology's
first textbook, James-Lange theory of emotion
38. Johnson (Virginia): with Masters, studied human sexual response
39. Jung (Carl): neo-freudian credited with the collective unconscious; archetypes;
personas
40. Kandal: using sea snails found neuroscientific evidence of "freudian" repression
41. Kinsey (Albert): first sex behavior studies, sample size problems
42. Kohlberg (Lawrence): Developmental Psychology- Stage theory of moral
development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional)
43. Kohler: "insight learning" chimp study
44. Lewin: MIT intro participative management to Japan prior WWII
45. Little Albert: Watson conditioned fear
46. Loftus (Elizabeth): Cognition- demonstrated the problems with eyewitness
testimony and constructive memory
47. Lorenz (Konrad): imprinting in ducks
48. Maslow (Abraham): Motivation & Emotion;Treatment of Psychological Disordershumanistic psychologist; hierarchy of needs; self-acualization
49. Masters (William): with Johnson, studied human sexual response
50. McGregor: Theory X/Y
51. Milgram (Stanley): Social Psychology- obedience studies, (participant thinks they
are shocking a learner)
52. Mischel (Walter): cognitive/effective theory; our personality is not consistant
across all situations - current environment can determine personality patterns when it
interacts with our "person variables"
53. Murray (Charles) and Herrnstein (Richard): "the bell curve"
54. Murray (Henry): need to achieve; TAT
55. Pavlov (Ivan): Learning- classical conditioning studies with dogs and salivation
56. Piaget (Jean): Developmental Psychology- stage theory of cognitive development
(sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations
57. Plomin: genetics linkage with IQ
58. Premack: make desirable reinforcement contingent on doing the undesirable first
Grandmothers clause
59. Rayner: worked with Watson on the Little Albert experiment
60. Rescorla (Robert): Learning- developed the contingency model of classical
conditioning (meaning classical conditioning only works if the neutral stimulus reliably
and consistently predicts the UCS)
61. Rogers (Carl): Treatment of Psychological Disorders & Personality- humanistic
psychologist, client centered theapy and unconditional positive regard; self theory of
personality
62. Rorschach (Hermann): inkblots as projective tests
63. Rosenhan (David): pretended to be schizophrenic; consequences of “labeling”;
institutional and diagnostic labeling and self-fulfilling prophecies
64. Rosenthal and Jacobson: "Pygmalion effect on the classroom" self-fulfilling peoples
expectation of others and self can effect behavior
65. Rosenweig: enriched and impoverished environments and neural development
66. Rotter: locus of control
67. Schachter (Stanley): Motivation and Emotion- two-factor theory of emotion
68. Seligman (Martin): learned helplessness; important in positive psychology;
explanatory style,
69. Sheldon: somatotyping: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph
70. Skinner (B.F): Learning- reinforcement; operant conditioning; invented skinner box
71. Spearman: "G" factor intelligence
72. Sperry and Gazzaniga: split-brain studies
73. Sternberg: Triarchic theory of intelligence "practical IQ measure"
74. Terman (Louis): modified Binet's intelligence test; Stanford-Binet IQ test, oldest
US test
75. Thorndike (Edward): Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect
76. Titchner (Edward): Structuralism - nature of consciousness
77. Tolman: cognitive maps in rats; latent learning
78. Turnbull: perception is also altered by learning, pygmies study
79. Victor wild child: critical period for learning and language
80. Washoe, Sara & Koko: Ape Language Studies
81. Watson (John): Learning- father of behaiorism; Little Albert experiment (classically
conditioned fear)
82. Wertheimer (Max): Gestalt Psychology founder (1 of 3)
83. Weber: weber law, different threshold depends on the ratios of the intensity of
the stimulus to another rather than absolute difference
84. Wechsler: most used test, age appropriate tests
85. Wernike: left frontal lobe: receptive language
86. Whorf (Benjamin): Cognition- the linguistic relativity hypothesis (that we think in
language)
87. Wundt (Wilhelm): History and Approaches- set up the first psychological
laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany' thoery of
structuralism
88. Yerkes: Yerkes Dodson law, optimum level of arousal on performance
89. Zimbardo (Phillip): Stanford Prison Experiment; Abu Gharib comments