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John B. Watson (1878-1958) Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchantchief, and yes, even beggarman and thief. American Behaviorism • John B. Watson (1878-1958) – Attacked the psychology of his day: • Arbitrary divisions of consciousness (How many colors can you name? Really?) • Too human centered (Animals can be valuable.) • Unreliable methods (Introspection?) – “…a purely objective experimental science" with the goal of "predicting and controlling behavior." John B. Watson (1878-1958) • His Mission – Watson credited the work of others as originators of behaviorism, but… – Saw himself as bringing together the emergent ideas – Goal: to found a new school Watson’s Youth - Podcast – Born near Greenville, South Carolina – Delinquent behavior in youth – Poor relationship with his father – 1899: Promised Mom he’d enter the Baptist ministry – Mother died – 1894: Enrolled at Furman University: studied Philosophy, Math, Latin, Greek At Furman University of Chicago • 1900: enrolled at the University of Chicago (Princeton required Greek and Latin) – Planned to pursue graduate degree in philosophy with Dewey – Couldn’t understand him – Attracted to psychology through work with Angell – Studied biology and physiology with Loeb Watson’s Psychology Maze learning at Chicago (1908) • Systematically deprive rats of sensory input • Rats could learn the maze without eyes, ears, whiskers and numb feet • Maze learning through kinesthetic information only! John B. Watson (1878-1958) • 1908: offered professorship at Johns Hopkins university – Reluctant to leave university of Chicago – Angell was a valuable mentor – New job offered promotion, salary raise, and opportunity to direct the psychology laboratory Watson’s Psychology Breaking from Structuralism and Introspection – Structuralism: Subject has to be a trained observer – Behaviorism: Subjects are almost irrelevant. – Anyone can behave!!: Children, nonverbal people, pigeons, rats, etc. – Reinforced man-as-machine model (or brain-as-computer model) James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) • Offered the Johns Hopkins’s job to Watson • A founder with Cattell of Psychological Review • Brothel raid • At Johns Hopkins, Watson was free to develop a school independent of his mentor, Angell Watson’s Ascent • 1909: Chair of psychology department • 1909: Editor of Psychological Review • 1912: Presented ideas for a more objective psychology in lectures at Columbia • 1913: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It published in Psychological Review - Launched Behaviorism • Angell was disappointed: “I shall be glad to see him properly spanked…” The Psychology of War • Served as a consultant during WWI (1917-1919) – Pigeons and propaganda Developing Behaviorism – Focus on practical applications (like Functionalists) – 1918: experimental research on children – 1919: Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist • Most complete account of behaviorism to date • Argued methods and principles of animal research are appropriate for study of humans Scandal Ends his Academic Career • Fell in love with Rosalie Rayner, graduate assistant • Wife found his love letters • Published in Baltimore Sun • Forced to resign from J.-H. • Married Rosalie but still banished from academia • Titchener one of the few academics who reached out to comfort him A Second Career • Conducted surveys, clerked at Macy’s, sold coffee to learn. – “…tell the consumer something that will stir up fear, rage, or love…strike at a deep emotional need.” – Make the consumer dissatisfied with what he has – Promoted celebrity endorsements • Ponds, Maxwell House • Raced speedboats The Behaviorist’s View • 1928: Psychological Care of the Infant and Child – Strong environmentalist position – Recommended perfect objectivity in child-rearing Had the greatest impact of all his work • A purely objective experimental branch of natural science • Both animal and human behavior are studied • Discard all mentalistic concepts • Use only behavior concepts • Goal: prediction and control of behavior Through the 1920s • University courses in Behaviorism • The word “Behaviorist” appeared in journals • McDougall: issued a public warning against behaviorism • Titchener: complained of its force and extent • Other forms of behaviorism emerging Watson-McDougall Debate (1924) • William McDougall (1871-1938) – Behavior is driven by instincts, but free will exists (creativity, bettering society) – Why try to prevent war or improve society if all of our actions are determined by past experience? – These themes will reemerge in the Humanistic movements of the 1950s-60s Instincts • 1914: Watson described 11 instincts • 1925: eliminated the concept of instinct • Seemingly instinctive behavior is actually a socially conditioned response • Psychology can only be applied if behavior can be modified – Children can become anything one desires Emotions Fear, love, and rage are unlearned emotional response patterns to stimuli – Loud noises or sudden lack of support lead to fear – Restriction of bodily movements leads to rage – Caressing, rocking, patting lead to love Mary Cover Jones • Peter and the Rabbit • Treatment method – Involve Peter in eating – Introduce rabbit at a distance – Each day, decrease the distance – Peter could eventually touch the rabbit without exhibiting fear – A forerunner of behavior therapy • Generalized fear also eliminated • 1968: Jones given G. Stanley Hall award for her outstanding work Can you think without Behaving? • Traditional View – Thinking occurs in the absence of muscle movements – Not accessible to observation and experimentation • Watson’s View – Thinking is implicit motor behavior – Reduced it to sub vocal talking – Same muscular habits as used for overt speech – Thinking = silent talking to oneself Pavlov Catches On • Adopted in 1915 • Watson responsible for its widespread use in U.S. Research • Conditioning is stimulus substitution • Selected because it is an objective method of behavior analysis • Reflected reductionism and mechanism • Designation of the participant changed from “observer” to “subject” • Experimenter became the observer What did Watson Bring to Behaviorism? • Made psychology more objective in methods and terminology • Stimulated a great deal of research • Surmounted earlier positions and schools • Objective methods and language became part of the mainstream