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Download 1 •Mitosis •Meiosis •Sex and Genetic Variability •Cloning
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Lecture 7 OUTLINE Could Scientists Make a Dinosaur? ….Cloning, the Reality •Mitosis •Meiosis •Sex and Genetic Variability –Chromosomes & Independent Assortment –Mutations •Cloning & Molecular Engineering From DNA to PROTEIN Mitosis •Process of FAITHFULLY copying the DNA CODE Parent Cell •Separating the two copies •Dividing the “parent” cell in half producing two “daughter” cells •Each “daughter” cell has the same genotype as the “parent” cell 1 Mitosis Duplicated Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Mitosis Chromosomes being separated during MITOSIS DNA Replication & Mitosis is the same in all organisms Bacterium -DNA Replication - Cell Division 2 DNA Replication & Mitosis is the same in all organisms •Both strands of DNA are used as a TEMPLATE for replication •The entire genome is faithfully replicated DNA Replication & Mitosis ALL the information for making a human is contained in EACH and EVERY one of an individual’s cells! Who Needs SEX? •Hydra reproduces ASEXUALLY by budding •Natural Cloning 3 Human Genome Contains 23 Pairs of Chromosomes - What would happen if Eggs and Sperm had the same number of Chromosomes? Male Meiosis The process of reducing chromosome number in Gametes Gamete Formation Diploid Cell - 4 chromosomes (2 pairs) Meiosis Primary Oocyte (or Spermatocyte) Secondary Oocyte (or Spermatocyte) MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II Secondary Oocyte (or Spermatocyte) - 2 chromosomes (unpaired) 4 Sexual Reproduction •Gamete (Egg or Sperm) from one parent combines its genetic material with a gamete from the other parent to produce a new Genotype 2 chromosomes 4 chromosomes 2 chromosomes Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Independent Assortment of Chromosomes during M e i o s i s produces Genetic Variability Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Independent Assortment of Chromosomes during M e i o s i s produces Genetic Variability 5 Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Independent Assortment of Chromosomes produces Genetic Variability which increases A D A P T A B I L I T Y P and p Alleles • Independent Assortment produces 4 possible Genotypes and 2 possible Phenotypes in Pea Plants •Recessive alleles may be kept in the population because they confer an advantage to the HETEROZYGOTE Typhoid caused by Salmonella bacteria and CFTR gene Recombination Further Increases Genetic Variability 6 Mutations Further Increase Genetic Variability Cloning Produces a Individual who is Genetically IDENTICAL to the Parent • Reduced VARIABILITY • Reduced ADAPTABILITY • No Need for TWO different sexes! Animal Cloning • Uses the DIPLOID DNA from Body Cells • Enucleated Egg Cell • Dolly came from an udder cell from an adult ewe • Can also use Oviduct cells, Fetal cells, etc. 7 Applications • Clone prize livestock • Infertile Couples • Cloned body parts (directed, in vitro, development of a heart for example) • Elimination of genetic diseases • Males no longer needed by society - but what would that mean for genetic variability??? • Restocking the world with animals that are currently extinct! Could Scientists clone a Dinosaur? •In theory if intact DNA can be found the answer is “YES”! •Frozen Woolly Mammoth uncovered last year in the Artic •DNA probably too fragmented after 10 thousand years Can Scientists Clone a Dinosaur? 8