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Transcript
Prejudice & Discrimination Stereotypes • The Clark Doll test • Kenneth and Maime Clark • The study focused on stereotypes and children's selfperception in relation to their race Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Stereotypes • The Clark Doll test – The results of Clark's study were used to prove that school segregation was distorting the minds of young black kids, causing them to internalize stereotypes and racism – In 1954 in Brown v Board of Education, the experiment helped to persuade the American Supreme Court that "separate but equal" schools for blacks and whites were anything but equal in practice and is therefore illegal or against the law. – It marked the beginning of the end of Jim Crow. Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Notes Prejudice and Discrimination LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • Prejudice: negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group • Discrimination: treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Prejudice and Discrimination LO 11.8 Prejudice and Discrimination AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • In-groups: social groups with whom a person identifies; “us” • Out-groups: social groups with whom a person does not identify; “them” • Scapegoating: tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at outgroup members who have little social power or influence Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attitudes: Making Social Judgments • Relationship between attitudes and behavior • Richard LaPiere – journeyed across the country with an Asian couple and found that people who voice prejudicial attitudes may not behave in discriminatory ways Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults How People Learn Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment • Social cognitive theory: views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences • Realistic conflict theory: conflict between groups increases prejudice and discrimination Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults How People Learn Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It • Social identity theory: the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Social and Cultural Categories – social categorization – social identity – social comparison Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults How People Learn Prejudice LO 11.9 Why People Are Prejudiced and How to Stop It AP: Processes That Contribute to Differential Treatment/The Impact of Behavior on Self -Fulfilling Prophecy • Stereotype vulnerability: the effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior • Self-fulfilling prophecy: the tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Sherif: Robbers Cave study • Eagles vs Rattlers • Intergroup prejudice can be reduced through working toward superordinate goals • Campers in unfriendly, competing groups came to have more positive feelings about one another after working together to solve several camp-wide problems Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Brown Eyed vs. Blue Eyed • Jane Elliott- A Class Divided – She created the famous "blue-eyed/browneyed" exercise, first done with 3rd grade school children in the 1960s, and which later became the basis for her career in diversity training. Attraction, Aggression & Altruism Attraction LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Interpersonal attraction: liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person – physical attractiveness – proximity: physical or geographical nearness – people like people who are similar to themselves OR who are different from themselves (complementary) – reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Attraction • Mere exposure effect – Repeated exposure to the stimuli • They grew on me Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Love LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Love: a strong affection for another person due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction, admiration, or common interests • Sternberg’s three components of love: 1. intimacy 2. passion 3. commitment Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Love LO 11.10 Factors that Govern Attraction and the Different Forms of Love AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Romantic love: consists of intimacy and passion • Companionate love: consists of intimacy and commitment • Consummate love: ideal love, in which all three components are present Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Figure 11.5 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love This diagram represents the seven different kinds of love that can result from combining the three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Notice that some of these types of love sound less desirable or positive than others. What is the one key element missing from the less positive types of love? Source: Adapted from Sternberg (1986). Attraction, Aggression & Altruism Notes Aggression LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/How Heredity, Environment, and Evolution Shape Behavior • Aggression: behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person • Frustration–aggression hypothesis: aggression is a reaction to frustration • Konrad Lorenz saw aggression as an instinct for fighting to promote the survival of our species • Biological influences on aggression may include genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Aggression LO 11.11 Biology and Learning Influences on Aggression AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/Identify Important Figures • Violence in the media – Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll • Social role: the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position – Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults The Power of the Situation: • The study designed to run two weeks ended in just 6 days because of the concern about rapidly escalating abuse and degradation of the prisoners Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Stanford Prison Experiment • Participants behavior was influenced by social roles • Social Roles shared expectations about how people in certain positions should behave • Like Milgram, Zimbardo concluded that situational pressures can lead normal, decent people to behave in sinister, repugnant ways. Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults How does the Stanford Prison experiment compare to the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq? Abu Ghraib • Stanford Prison Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Altruism LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction • Prosocial behavior: socially desirable behavior that benefits others • Altruism: prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself • The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is larger in individuals who make altruistic choices Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Latané & Darley’s Study • Participants in room filling with smoke more likely to report smoke when alone Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Diffusion of Responsibility LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior • Researchers Latané and Darley found that people who were alone were more likely to help in an emergency than people who were with others – one bystander cannot diffuse responsibility Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Bystander Effect: Kitty Genovese LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior • Bystander effect: the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help – help becomes less likely as the number of bystanders increases Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Bystander Effect: Kitty Genovese LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on Behavior • Diffusion of responsibility: a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Diffusion of Responsibility LO 11.12 Altruism and Deciding to Help Others AP: Variables Contributing to Altruism, Aggression, and Attraction/The Impact of the Presence of Others on • Five steps in making a decision to help – noticing – defining an emergency – taking responsibility – planning a course of action – taking action Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults Social neuroscience LO 11.13 What is Social Neuroscience? • Social neuroscience: the study of how our bodies and brains work during social behavior – Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) • Region of the brain involved in prosocial behavior • Active when trying to predict the actions of a human but not computer opponent • Possible that disorders with social deficits may involve this region of the brain Conformity Groupthink Compliance Obedience Attitude Dissonance Attribution Prejudice Attraction Love Aggression Bystander Categorizing Cults
