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8/14/2013 Unit #2 – Chemical Equations To begin our study of equations, we must first review writing, balancing and naming the reaction type. In a chemical reaction, only 2 things are conserved the number of atoms and the conserved... number of grams. an arrow is used to separate reactants (the starting substances) and the products (what is made), the arrow is the same as an “equals sign” (=) in math for the number of each type of atom must be equal on both sides (“yields” or “produces”) Balancing Chemical Equations NH3 (g) + O2 (g) NO + H2O(l) z This is called the skeleton equation. Try to read it like a sentence- Gaseous ammonia is added dd d to oxygen gas to produce d nitrogen i monoxide, id which is given off as a gas, and water -NOW BALANCE IT -by adding coefficients-DO NOT CHANGE SUBSCRIPTS 1. start at the formula with the highest subscript values 2. put a “1” in front, if that doesn’t work try a “2”, etc. 3. go back and forth adding coefficients, until it’s balanced z Try One… Gaseous Ammonia is combined with Oxygen to produce Nitrogen Monoxide and Water. 4 5 ___NH 3 (g) + ___O2 (g) ____NO 4 6 H2O(l) + ___ 1 8/14/2013 Practice Writing/Balancing Equations Remember the the stoichiometric coeffients represents the mole ratios! Octane, C8H18, burns in air to ggive carbon dioxide (gas) and water. 1. Write the skeleton equation… 16 2 18 ___C __O2(g) ___CO 8H18 + 25 2(g) + ___H 2O(l) 2. Now balance the equation (lowest whole number ratio) REACTION TYPES 1. COMBINATION (COMPOSITION)(SYNTHESIS) REACTIONS: X + Y XY – THESE REACTIONS CAN BE PICKED OUT BECAUSE THEY ONLY HAVE ONE PRODUCT 2. DECOMPOSITION (ANALYSIS) REACTIONS: XY X + Y – THESE ARE NOTICABLE BECAUSE THEY HAVE ONLY ONE REACTANT (OPPOSITE OF COMBINATION) 3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT OR DISPLACEMENT: XY + A XA + Y OR XY + B BY + X –THESE REACTIONS HAVE AN ELEMENT PLUS A COMPOUND YIELDING ANOTHER ELEMENT PLUS A COMPOUND –THESE ARE TRICKY , MAKE SURE YOU RECOMBINE POSITIVE WITH NEGATIVE (BEWARE OF CATIONS VERSUS ANIONS!!!!!) 4. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT OR DISPLACEMENT: XY + AB AY + XB –THIS TYPE OF REACTION IS LIKE SQUARE-DANCING, EACH ENDS UP WITH A NEW PARTNER –MAKE SURE POSITIVE ALWAYS COME FIRST –WHEN MAKING NEW COMPOUNDS BE SURE TO USE THE CORRECT SUBSCRIPTS 2 8/14/2013 Precipitation Reactions are a form of double replacement The “driving force” is the formation of an insoluble compound — a precipitate. ----->2 >2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) ----When a precipitation reaction occurs occurs, you only deal with the “actual” changeschanges-this is called a “net ionic equation”--the “spectator ions” are eliminated equation” Net ionic equation ---> PbI2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) ---> MORE ABOUT THIS LATER! Reaction Types, Continued Acid-Base Reactions (also a form of double replacement reactions) The “driving g force” is the formation of water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -----> > NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Net ionic equation ---> > H2O(l) OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) -- This applies to ALL reactions of STRONG acids and bases. Again more,later Gas-Forming Reactions are another subset of Double Replacement Reactions 3 8/14/2013 5. COMBUSTION REACTIONS: CX H Y + O2 CO 2 + H 2O –THESE REACTIONS ALWAYS HAVE OXYGEN AS A REACTANT AND CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER AS PRODUCTS –EASIEST TO RECOGNIZE, HARDEST TO BALANCE 4