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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties. • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. – straight chain – branched chain – ring 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules The Importance of the Carbon Backbone • The carbon backbone allows large molecules to form, which make up life! – Organisms use these molecules to build their bodies. – Carbon atoms can bind to each other or to other atoms in an endless variety of shapes. – The different shapes that carbon can create are the molecules necessary for life - Shape determines function! 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as macromolecules because of their large size. – Also called polymers - They are made up of monomers. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Macromolecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. – Monomers are the individual subunits. – Polymers are made of many monomers. How are polymers formed?? 13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Simple carbs = sweet- tasting sugars Complex carbs = starch, cellulose, chitin 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. • Carbohydrates’ function is to provide a quick source of energy for living things Classification: A. Monosaccharides – simple sugars – glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules B. Disaccharides - Two monosaccharides chemically bonded together by dehydration synthesis - Maltose, sucrose, lactose. C. Polysaccharides - Complex carbohydrates - polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis - starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin 13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. Polymer (cellulose) monomer Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Plants and animals each have different carbohydrates used for energy storage and structure Carb. used to store energy: Carb. used for structure: Found in Plants: Starch Cellulose Found in Animals: Glycogen Chitin (insects and crustaceans) 13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Why is cellulose nondigestible in humans? 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. • Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains. Classification: • Fats and Oils (Triglycerides) – Contain glycerol and fatty acids - Glycerol- Contains three OH- groups. - Fatty acid- consists of long hydrocarbon chain. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Fats and oils contain different types of fatty acids. – saturated fatty acids – unsaturated fatty acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Types of Fats and Fatty Acids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Coronary Arteries and Plaque 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Phospholipids – Polar phosphate “head” (hydrophilic) – Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” (hydrophobic) Phospholipid 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Phospholipids Cell membranes are made of phospholipids 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Lipids • Steroids – Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. - Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen • Waxes – Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol. - High melting point Waterproof Resistant to degradation Made by insects 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Lipids have several different functions. – Long-term energy storage – broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes – used to make hormones 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins • Functions – Support – Enzymes – Transport – Defense – Hormones – Motion 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins – are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. One amino acid 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms. – Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers. – Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Proteins • Protein Structure – Primary - Sequence of amino acids. – Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion. – Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. – Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. – Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. Hemoglobin hydrogen bond – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID RIBONUCLEIC ACID 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base A G C or deoxyribose (sugar) T 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides. – Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. – DNA stores genetic DNA information. – RNA builds proteins. RNA 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules DNA Complementary base-pairing 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules ATP: Adenosine triphosphate •A special nucleotide that contains A LOT of chemical energy •Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds •It is the “energy currency” for all living things