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Transcript
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life 2.3: Carbon-based molecules •Key Concept: Carbon-based molecules are the _____________________________________________ •Carbon atoms have ___________________________________________ •Carbon ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. •Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. •_____________________________ •_____________________________ •_____________________________ •Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. •Monomers are _______________________________________________ •Polymers are ________________________________________________ •Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things. •Carbohydrates are made of _______________________________________. •Carbohydrates include _____________________________________. •Monosaccharides are ______________________________________. •Polysaccharides include ____________________________________. •Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide ___________________________. •Some carbohydrates are part of ___________________________. •Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include ___________________________________. •Many contain carbon chains called __________________ •Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. •Lipids have several different functions. •_____________________________________________________ •_____________________________________________________ •_____________________________________________________ •Phospholipids make up all _________________________. •__________________________________________ •__________________________________________ •Proteins are polymers of ______________________________. •_______________ different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms •Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids. •Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape. •Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function •Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called ________________________. –Nucleotides are made of a ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. –DNA __________________________________. –RNA __________________________________ 2.4: Chemical Reactions •Life depends on chemical reactions •Bonds _______________and_____________ during chemical reactions. •Chemical reactions change _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ –Reactants are ___________________ during a chemical reaction. –Products are ____________________ by a chemical reaction CO2 + H2O H2CO3 Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life •Bond energy is the amount of energy that ___________________. •Energy is ____________ to break bonds •Energy is _____________ when bonds form. •A reaction is at _______________ when reactants and products form at the same rate. •Chemical reactions ______________ or _________________ energy. •Activation energy is __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________. •Exothermic reactions _________________________________________________________________. •Reactants have ________________________________ than products •Excess energy is ________________ by the reaction •Endothermic reactions ________________________________________________________________. •Reactants have ________________________________ than products. •Energy is _________________ by the reaction to make up the difference. 2.5: Enzymes •Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things. •A catalyst lowers activation energy. •___________________ are substances that speed up chemical reactions. –______________________________________________________ –______________________________________________________ •Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under _________________________________________. •____________________ are catalysts in living things. –Enzymes are _________________________________________________ –Most enzymes are __________________. •Disruptions in homeostasis can _______________________________________________________. –Enzymes function best in a ____________________________________________________. –Changes in ___________________ and _______ can break hydrogen bonds. –An enzyme’s ___________________ depends on its ________________________ •An enzyme’s structure allows _________________________________________________________. –_______________________ substrates –_______________________ (reactants) •The _______________________ helps illustrate how enzymes function. –______________________________ –______________________________ •Review •Describe 2 functions of catalysts in chemical reaction. enzyme •How does a catalyst affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction? Substrates bind to an enzyme at certain places called active sites. •How does the structure of an enzyme affect its function?
