Download Study Guide 7 Learning

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Chapter 7: Learning
Introduction – How we Learn – Classical Conditioning (pp. 291-304)
1. Learning:
2. What does it mean that we learn by association?
3. Associative Learning:
4. What is the difference between Classical and Operant Conditioning?
5. List the 3 ways in which we learn:
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Classical Conditioning
1. Person associated with Classical Conditioning:
2. Classical Conditioning:
3. Behaviorism:
4. Psychologist associated with EARLY behaviorism (believed psychology should be an OBJECTIVE
science based on OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR):
Pavlov’s Dog Experiment
5. Define Unconditioned Stimulus (US/UC):
UCS in Pavlov’s dogs:
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6. Define Unconditioned Response (UR/UCR):
UCR in Pavlov’s dogs:
7. Neutral Stimulus (NS):
NS in Pavlov’s dogs:
8. Conditioned Stimulus (CS):
CS in Pavlov’s dogs:
9. Conditioned Response (CR):
CR in Pavlov’s dogs:
10. Acquisition:
11. What is the biological reason that humans and animals can be conditioned?
12. Define higher-order conditioning (second-order conditioning):
Example:
13. Extinction:
Example:
14. Spontaneous Recovery:
Example:
15. Generalization:
Example:
16. Discrimination:
Example:
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17. According to Rescorla & Wagner, WHY does an animal learn through classical conditioning? What do
they learn?
18. Classical conditioning treatments that ignore cognition have limited success. Give an example:
19. Describe John Garcia’s experiment with rats. (Identify the US, UR, NS/CS, CR).
20. Why does Pavlov’s work remain so important?
21. Describe John Watson’s “Little Albert” study:
22. How might extinction procedures help us change our unwanted responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli?
23. Should Watson have conducted this study? Think back to the APA’s ethical guidelines. Discuss ONE
area that Watson violated.
Operant Conditioning (pp. 304-317)
1. Operant Conditioning:
Person associated with operant conditioning:
2. Law of Effect:
Person who first studied the law of effect:
3. Describe how a Skinner box works:
4. Reinforcement:
5. What’s an example of reinforcement in your own life?
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6. How is someone conditioned? Describe Shaping:
7. Positive Reinforcement:
Example:
8. Negative Reinforcement:
Example:
9. Primary Reinforcer:
Example:
10. Secondary Reinforcer:
Example:
11. Give an example of an immediate reinforcer:
12. Provide an example of a delayed reinforcer:
Type of Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Definition
Continuous Reinforcement
Schedule
Partial (Intermittent)
Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Variable-Interval Schedule
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Example
13. What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
14. Define positive punishment:
Example:
15. Define negative punishment:
Example:
16. Punishment has 4 drawbacks. List them:
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17. Tolman’s Cognitive Map:
18. Define Latent Learning:
19. What is the difference between Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation?
20. What’s the danger in giving someone reinforcement for an activity they already enjoy?
Describe and explain Overjustification Effect:
21. Instinctive Drift:
22. Why does Skinner’s work remain so important? Pick one area: school, sports, work, etc. Explain
Skinner’s impact:
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Learning by Observation (pg. 317-323)
1. Observational Learning:
2. Modeling:
3. What are mirror neurons?
Example:
4. Theory of Mind:
5. Who is the person most associated with observational learning?
6. Describe Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll experiment:
7. What is the main lesson of Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll experiment?
8. Prosocial Behavior:
9. Will you let your children watch violent TV or play violent video games? Explain using
psychological research.
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