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John Watson and Classical Conditioning • Watson believed that human emotions and behaviors were just a ‘bundle of conditioned responses’ with some biological influence • Little Albert experiment • What happens to Watson? You can thank him for modern advertising…. Behaviorist: Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner elaborated on Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Rewarded behavior is more likely to recur/Punished behavior less likely to recur. • Builds animal experiments around the idea of reinforcement: any event that strengthens (increases the frequency of) a proceeding response. Ex: Rats push a lever and receive food Conditioning • Shaping:Operant gradually guiding actions to the desired action through successive approximations, reinforcers, and punishments. • A+ on your paper • Cookies for raking the yard • A pat on the back • Paychecks • Good grades means you don’t have to do chores • Addicts abusing a substance to make withdrawal pains go away Scenario Child at store whines they want a candy bar. Parent ignores the whining. Child whines louder, going into a full tantrum. Parent buys candy bar and gives it to the child. What two reinforcers are present? Reinforcement • Primary reinforcers: innately rewarding; food when hungry, having a headache go away. They are unlearned • Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers: Reinforcers that help us achieve more primary rewards. Money gets us food. Clapping for an actress. Clicker training for pets. • Caveman Test Reinforcement • Ideally reinforcement happens quickly…if not you could reinforce the wrong action • Humans do respond to delayed reinforcement (paychecks, not eating candy when trying to lose weight). Delayed gratification is an important skill. Studies show those who can are more socially competent and higher achieving! Schedule of Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement is best for mastering a behavior, but in real life that doesn’t always happen • Spanking • Speeding tickets • Spraying water on the cat who’s on the counter • No car until grades come up • Phone turned off for non-payment of bill • Time-out Punishment 4 Major Drawbacks (especially in parenting) • 1. Behavior is suppressed not forgotten. The temporary state of ‘non-behavior’ neg. reinforces the parents behavior 2. Punishment teaches situation discrimination. Just don’t swear around Mom and Dad. 3. Punishment can teach fear through generalization. The painful punishment is associated with the person 4. Physical punishment models aggression as an acceptable response and action. (Action)