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Operant Conditioning Classical vs. operant • Classical: learning that occurs with reflexive, involuntary behavior • Operant: learning that applies to voluntary behavior; rewards and punishments Thorndike’s Law of Effect • If an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. • If an action is followed by an unpleasant experience, it will tend not to be repeated. B. F. Skinner • Voluntary behavior is what people and animals do to operate the world… operant conditioning • Voluntary behavior = operant behavior • Learning is what happens after the response-the consequence. • Puzzle box Reinforcement • “What’s in it for me?” • Reinforcers: items or events that when following a response will strengthen it – Primary Reinforcers: satisfies basic needs (hunger, thirst, touch) – Secondary Reinforcers: money, toys Big Bang Theory • Reinforcements: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GS BoMI Corporal punishment is an effective tool for teaching children • 3 reasons to support each • Reinforcer: strengthens response • Punishment: weakens response • Think of cases in your own life when punishment worked effectively and other cases when it did not? • Why did it work in some situations and not in others? Different types of reinforcement • Positive reinforcement: the addition of a pleasurable response – After you execute a turn during a skiing lesson, your instructor shouts out, "Great job!” – A student gets a good grade and receives a hug from a parent. • Negative reinforcement: the elimination of something negative – The noise outside a child’s bedroom window is preventing the child from sleeping. The child removes the unpleasant stimulus (the loud noise) by wearing headphones. 2 kinds of punishment Punishment weakens responses • Positive punishment: something unpleasant is added to the situation – Spanking (making sure you don’t do the wrong behavior again”) • Negative punishment: something unpleasant is removed from the situation – Losing the privilege of driving because you got into too many accidents – Losing grade points on an assignment because it was turned in late • Fixed interval schedule • Variable interval schedule 1,2,3 Action! Commerical • Create an advertisement that you will present to the class. • Your advertisement • Explain why the following scenario is an example of operant conditioning. Use proper terminology in your explanation. • Your bright cat has learned that your presence in the kitchen is associated with food. Your cat has also learned that he can encourage your presence in the kitchen on Saturday mornings by standing on your chest and meowing (when you are obviously trying to sleep). You decide to get up and feed the cat to shut it up, but the problem only gets worse on subsequent weekends.