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Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
• “Stumbled” across classical conditioning around 1900
• Studying “psychic reflexes”
• Saliva experiments on dogs
• Dogs started responding prior to the meat powder
• Sounds of preparation
• Realized a neutral stimulus was creating a response
Important terms
Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned
response without previous conditioning
Unconditioned response (UR) – an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned
stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Conditioned stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that has, through
conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned response (CR) – a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
that occurs because of previous conditioning
Neutral stimulus (NS) – a stimulus that does not evoke a response by itself
Before Conditioning
NS
Tone
No response
US
Meat powder
During Conditioning
NS
Tone
US
Meat powder
UR
Salivation
After Conditioning
CS
Tone
CR
Salivation
A boy is fond of cookies, which make his mouth water whenever
he eats them. He passes a bakery baking cookies making the area
smell of cookies and he begins to salivate.
NS
Smell of cookies
US
Cookies
UR
Salivation
CS
Smell of cookies
CR
Salivation
CS
Smell of cookies
US
Cookies
CR
Salivation
A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is
bitten by the dog and cries. Every time she hears a dog
bark, she whimpers.
NS
Dogs barking
US
Dog bite
UR
Cry (pain)
CS
Dogs barking
CR
Fear of dogs (whimper)
CS
Dogs barking
US
Dog bite
CR
Fear of dogs
A boy who is trained in karate often practices by throwing mock punches
at his sister. One day, he accidently hits her in the eye and hurts her. From
that day on, every time he raises his hands, his sister flinches.
NS
Mock punches
US
Accidental hit
UR
Pain
CS
Raises hands (mock punches)
CR
Flinch
CS
Raises hands
US
Accidental hit
CR
Flinch
When they were going together, a guy and his former girlfriend had a favorite CD which
they frequently listened to together. Although she broke up with him over a year ago,
whenever he hears a song from that CD he becomes depressed.
NS
Songs on CD
US
Break up
UR
Hurt feelings; mental pain; sadness
CS
Songs from CD
CR
Depression
CS
Songs from CD
US
Break up
CR
Depression
Classical conditioning in everyday life
• Conditioned fear and anxiety
• Events and interactions can create phobias and other fears
• Emotional responses as of a result of a certain smell, song, etc.
• Physiological responses (i.e., immune system)
• Evaluative conditioning - changes in the liking of
a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus
with other positive or negative stimuli.
(CR
)
(UR)
(CS)
(US)
Products
Sexual
imagery
(e.g., jeans)
Pleasant
emotional
response
Processes of condition - acquisition
Acquisition
(CS-US pairings)
15
10
5
0
The initial stage of learning something.
Processes of condition - extinction
Extinction
(CS alone)
15
10
5
0
The gradual weakening and disappearance of a
conditioned response tendency.
Processes of condition – spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous
Extinction
Recovery
(CS alone)
(CS alone)
15
10
5
24-hour
rest
0
The reappearance of an extinguished response after a
period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Basic processes of classical conditioning
(CS)
(US)
White Rat
Loud Gong
(CR)
(UR)
Fear
• Stimulus generalization
• Stimulus discrimination
Little Albert
Higher order conditioning
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an
unconditioned stimulus.