Download Psychological Disorders

Abnormal Psychology
Psychological Disorders
A behavior which is judged to be deviant (atypical),
distressful, and dysfunctional. Could also be maladaptive and
unjustifiable.
Early Theories
• Abnormal behavior was evil
spirits trying to get out.
• Trephining was often used.
Trephening
Early Theories
• Another way to deal with the demons
was to make the body extremely
uncomfortable.
History of Mental Disorders
• In the 1800’s, disturbed
people were no longer
thought of as madmen,
but as mentally ill.
They were first put in hospitals.
Did this mean better treatment?
Early Mental Hospitals
• They were nothing more than barbaric
prisons.
•The patients were chained
and locked away.
•Some hospitals even charged admission for
the public to see the “crazies”, just like a zoo.
Philippe Pinel
• French doctor worked
to eliminate the
institutional brutality
(and declare that these
people are sick and “a
cure must be found”).
Medical Model
• Late 1800’s - it was believed that mental
illness had a physical (organic) cause.
General Paresis and Syphilis examples.
But it doesn’t emphasize environmental
explanations like stress or upbringing.
Many disorders are psychogenic: the origins
are psychological.
Current Perspectives
• Biopsychosocial model: assumes biological,
psychological and socio-cultural factors
interact to produce specific psychological
disorders. Most common view today.
Some disorders occur worldwide (schizophrenia)
while others are culture-bound (i.e. “anorexia” &
“susto” – fear of black magic in Latin America).
DSM-V
• Diagnostic Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders: the big
book of disorders.
• DSM will classify disorders and
describe the symptoms.
• DSM will NOT explain the
causes or possible cures.
Major Changes in the DSM-V
• Autism is now a single condition called “autism
spectrum disorder (includes Asperger’s and all
forms of autism).
• Childhood bipolar disorder has a new name –
“Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.”
• ADHD is no longer just a childhood disorder. You
can be diagnosed with it as an adult.
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and binge
eating disorder are now official disorders.
• Hoarding is now a disorder, NOT a form of OCD.
• Subtypes of schizophrenia have been eliminated.
Two Major Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders
• Distressing but one can
still function in society
and act rationally.
Psychotic Disorders
• Person loses contact with
reality, experiences
distorted perceptions.
Danger of Diagnostic Labels
• In Rosenhan’s study his associates were
faking symptoms of hearing voices.
• They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia.
• None were exposed as imposters.
• They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia
in remission.
• What did this study show?
• 1.) It showed the biasing power of
diagnostic labels.
Anxiety Disorders
• A group of conditions where
the primary symptoms are
anxiety or defenses against
anxiety.
• The patient fears something
awful will happen to them.
• They are in a state of
apprehension or nervousness.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
• Marked by disruptive levels
of persistent feelings of
apprehension and tenseness.
• Symptoms include
restlessness, feeling on edge,
irritability, sleep disturbance.
• 2 out of 3 – women.
Panic Disorder
• Disorder marked by a
minutes-long episode of
intense dread (Panic Attack)
in which a person experiences
terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking and other
frightening sensations.
• Can cause secondary
disorders like agoraphobia.
Phobias
• Marked by disruptive, irrational
fears of objects, activities, or
situations.
• Specific phobias – like
arachnophobia.
• Social Anxiety Disorder (i.e.
Agoraphobia) – fear of public
places.
Examples of Phobias
Name of the phobia:
Fear of:
Xenophobia
Strangers
Ophidiophobia
Snakes
Panaphobia
Everything
Santa Claustrophobia
Stuck in chimneys
Numerophobia
Numbers
Arachnophobia
Spiders
Murophobia
Mice
Mikrophobia
Germs
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Persistent unwanted
thoughts (obsessions)
cause someone to feel
the need to engage in
a particular repetitive
action (compulsion) .
Common Examples of OCD
Common Obsessions:
Common
Compulsions:
Contamination fears of germs, dirt,
Washing
etc.
Imagining having harmed self or
others
Repeating
Imagining losing control of
aggressive urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching
A need to have things "just so"
Putting things in
order
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Flashbacks or nightmares
following a person’s
involvement in an
extremely stressful
event.
• Memories of the event
cause anxiety.
• War veterans and “shell
shock.”
Biological Causes of Anxiety Disorders
• Heredity or predisposition (twin studies).
• Brain function - (fMRI
scans of OCD patients show
higher anterior cingulate
cortex activity).
• Evolution – likely to fear
situations that posed threat
to early humans.
Learning Factors and Anxiety Disorders
• Conditioning - remember
Little Albert?
• Observational learning –
seeing someone else respond
with fear (i.e. a sibling).
• Reinforcement – learning to
associate emotions with
actions and the results that
follow those actions.
Mood Disorders
• Psychological disorders characterized by emotional
extremes (i.e. depression, mania, or both).
Major Depressive Disorder
• Most common disability in the
world (6% of men & 10% of women).
• Unhappy for at least two weeks
with no apparent cause.
• Feelings of worthlessness and
diminished interest in most
activities.
• May have suicidal thoughts.
Bipolar Disorder
• Formally called manic depression.
• Involves periods of depression
and manic episodes.
• Manic episodes may involve long
periods of little sleep, racing
thoughts, and set impossible
goals.
• May have bursts of creative
energy during manic states (like
van Gogh).
Famous People with Bipolar
Bipolar Brain
Postpartum Depression
• Depression after
childbirth (“baby blues”).
• 5% to 10% of women.
• Sadness, fatigue, insomnia,
reduced libido, etc.
• Usually the first few
months after giving birth.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Experience depression
during the winter
months.
• Based not on
temperature, but on
amount of sunlight.
SAD's prevalence in
the U.S. ranges from
1.4% in Florida to 9.9%
in Alaska.
Suicide
Suicide rates increase with age.
Suicide
But teen suicide rates increased from 1960
to 1990, but have dropped since 1990.
Biological Causes of Mood Disorders
• Heredity – twin studies.
• Brain function – PET scans have
shown lower brain activity during
depressed states.
• Serotonin and Norepinephrine are
lacking during times of depression
(Prozac & Zoloft help restore
serotonin levels by blocking its
reuptake).
• Norepinephrine is overabundant
during mania. Drugs that alleviate
mania, reduce norepinephrine.
Social-Cognitive Factors and Mood Disorders
• Learned helplessness.
• Attributions (explanatory
style) – Stable, internal
and global.
Psychotic Disorders
Schizophrenia
• Is not one disorder but a
group of disorders.
• It is not “split personality.”
• Typically develops in late
adolescence.
Schizophrenia
• About 1% of people are
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
1. Disorganized thinking.
2. Disturbed Perceptions.
3. Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions.
1.) Disorganized Thinking
• The thinking of a person
with schizophrenia is
fragmented and bizarre.
• Disorganized thinking
comes from a breakdown in
selective attention - they
cannot filter out
information.
• Often causes . . .
Delusions (false beliefs)
• Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur
(people are out to get you). (belief that you are
more important than
you really are).
2.) Disturbed Perceptions
• Hallucinations –
(usually auditory) is a
false perception.
3.) Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
•
•
•
•
Laugh at inappropriate times.
Flat Effect (emotionless).
Senseless, compulsive acts.
Catatonia - motionless waxy
flexibility.
Positive vs. Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms
• Presence of
inappropriate
symptoms
Negative Symptoms
• Absence of
appropriate ones.
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Paranoid and preoccupied
with delusions of
persecution or grandeur as
well as hallucinations.
• Always looking over your
shoulder like somebody is
out to get you!
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGnl8dqEoPQ&feature=results_
main&playnext=1&list=PL135E3BF70B9D590C
Catatonic Schizophrenia
• Immobility.
• Waxy flexibility.
• Parroting another’s
speech.
Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Disorganized speech or behavior, or
flat or inappropriate emotion.
• Clang associations: speaking in rhyme.
• “I’m the worst
systematic, sympathetic
quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic.“
• Word salad: nonsense talk.
• “Because he makes a twirl in life, my
box is broken. Help me blue elephant.
Isn't lettuce brave? I like electrons,
hello.”
• Neologisms: made up words that only
have meaning to the person using them.
• “Is this logomouth here to get me
nervous?”
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
• Many varied symptoms.
• "Undifferentiated
schizophrenia" is used
as a label for cases of
schizophrenia that
don't match any of the
established types of
schizophrenia.
Residual Schizophrenia
• When the patient no longer
displays prominent positive
symptoms (i.e. hallucinations).
• The person does show some
negative symptoms like
speaking little or being
apathetic.
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
• No known single cause.
• Possible causes:
• Excess of dopamine
receptors (6x).
• Low activity in frontal
lobes.
• Genetics (50% chance
for identical twins).
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
• Possible causes:
• Enlarged ventricles (fluid
filled spaces) in the brain.
• Shrinkage of brain tissue
in limbic system.
• Prenatal viruses.
Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia
• There is NO proof that any
social or psychological
factors “cause”
schizophrenia.
• We don’t know what role
stress or disturbed family
communications play.
• The just appear to be
correlated.
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
• Disorders in which the
sense of self has
become separated
(dissociated) from
previous memories,
thoughts, or feelings.
Dissociative Amnesia
• A partial or total
forgetting of past
experiences, without
organic cause.
• Usually in reaction to
a traumatic event.
Organic Amnesia
(not a dissociative disorder)
• Results from other medical trauma (e.g.
a blow to the head, stroke, alcoholism).
Dissociative Fugue
• A form of dissociative amnesia characterized
by physical relocation and the assumption of a
new identity with amnesia for the previous
identity. (“Traveling amnesia”).
•These journeys can last hours, even several days,
months or years.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)
• Used to be known as Multiple
Personality Disorder.
• Often confused with
schizophrenia.
• People with D.I.D. commonly
have a history of childhood
abuse or trauma.
• Unlike schizophrenics, they have
2 or more distinct identities,
are not psychotic, and have
severe memory lapses.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
• Disorders in which
symptoms take a bodily
form without apparent
physical cause.
• Two types…
Illness Anxiety Disorder
(Hypochondriasis)
• Characterized by
imagined symptoms of
illness.
• They usually believe
that the minor issues
(headache, upset
stomach) are indicative
of more severe
illnesses.
Conversion Disorder
• Loss or impairment
of some motor or
sensory function due
to a psychological
conflict or stress.
• Formerly known as
hysteria.
• Cambodian refugees.
•
Killing Fields
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
_jOuqAcgMrA
Personality Disorders
• Characterized by rigid and
lasting behavior patterns that
disrupt social functioning.
• 3 main clusters:
• A.) Related to anxiety
• B.) Odd or eccentric behaviors
• C.) Dramatic or impulsive
behaviors
A.) Related to Anxiety
• Avoidant Personality
Disorder – sensitive
about being rejected so
relationships become
difficult.
• Dependent Personality
Disorder – are clingy
and submissive.
Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder
• Overly concerned with
certain thoughts and
performing certain
behaviors.
• Not as extreme as
OCD anxiety disorder.
B.) Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
• Paranoid Personality
Disorder – show deep
distrust of other people.
• Schizoid Personality
Disorder – are detached
from social relationships
(true hermits).
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Characterized by a need
for social isolation, odd
behavior and thinking, and
often unconventional
beliefs.
• Some believe they have
magical powers (ESP).
• Some people believe that
schizotypal personality
disorder is a mild form of
schizophrenia.
C.) Dramatic or Impulsive Behaviors
• Borderline Personality
Disorder (following slides).
• Antisocial Personality
Disorder (following slides).
Borderline Personality Disorder
• Characterized by unstable emotions and
relationships.
People with this disorder are prone to
constant mood swings and bouts of anger.
Borderline Personality Disorder
• They will take their anger
out on themselves, causing
themselves injury (cutting).
Suicidal threats and actions
are not uncommon.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Antisocial personality disorder is
characterized by a lack of conscience.
• Prone to criminal behavior.
• No remorse when they hurt others.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Also known as “sociopaths”. Examples would be
Charles Manson & Hannibal Lecter.
They are often aggressive and are much more concerned
with their own needs than the needs of others.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Characterized by a pattern
of excessive emotionality
and attention seeking.
• May act silly or dress
provocatively.
• These individuals are lively,
dramatic, enthusiastic, and
flirtatious.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Having an inflated sense
of self-importance.
• Thinking that you are
the center of the
universe.
• React to criticism with
rage or shame.
Personality Disorders
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E1JiDFxFGk&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6&index=34
Other Disorders
• Paraphilias (i.e. pedophilia,
zoophilia, fetishism).
• Impulse Control Disorders.
• Eating Disorders.
• Substance Use Disorders.
• ADHD.
• Autism.