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What are you made of? (2/23 – 2/24) How food gets turned into... You!!! Ummm... FOOD!!! What parts of our food do we use? • Only what our bodies can use to make other things • i.e. the 4 macromolecules – – – – Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids • We also absorb special molecules used for special jobs (vitamins and minerals) Digestive system • Food undergoes first steps of getting broken down (by acids, enzymes, and bacteria) • Sugars, proteins, nucleic acids absorbed into circulatory system • Lipids absorbed into the blood stream (e.g. cholesterol) and the lymphatic system Digestive system Example: Cholesterol • Begins at the mouth (chewing and saliva begin the process of breaking down our food) • Continues through the digestive system where cholesterol gets absorbed into our blood stream from the small intestines. • Most cholesterol is absorbed from the blood into the Liver • About 25% of the cholesterol that we eat is absorbed into other cells for use in the cell membranes Circulatory system • Macromolecules either float through the circulatory system or are carried by proteins called lipoproteins • Move through blood until there is a concentration gradient or “need” for certain molecules by the cells • Less macromolecules in nearby cells than in the blood causes a “need” for that molecule • Cross into cells through diffusion or through active transport Cells – break it down! • Lysosomes – organelle in cells that digests or breaks the macromolecules down into their subunits – – – – Proteins to amino acids Lipids to fatty acids Carbohydrates into simple sugars Nucleic acids into nucleotides Cells – hanging out, until... • Most of these broken down macromolecules “float” around in the cytoplasm until needed by any of the many organelles doing countless jobs • Genes located on your DNA (inside the nucleus) get “turned on” by enzymes (a group of special proteins) • This marks the beginning of protein synthesis Cells – the building begins!!! Phase one 1. DNA – unwinds and separates to expose the “recipe” or sequence of bases • Has a unique language called bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine (A, T, G, C) Cells – Protein synthesis!!! Phase 2 2. mRNA – latches onto the DNA bases and copies • the “recipe” using a slightly different language, then, moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm to one of the many ribosomes RNA language is slightly different: Instead of using Thymine, RNA uses Uracil (A, U, G, C) Cells – Protein synthesis!!! Phase 3 3. tRNA – translates the recipe into amino acids. • • • There are different tRNA for each of the 20 different amino acids Same language as mRNA, but each tRNA only has 3 letters and one amino acid 3 letters = codon Happens in ribosomes Cells – Protein synthesis!!! Phase 3 3. tRNA – translates the recipe into amino acids. • • • There are different tRNA for each of the 20 different amino acids Same language as mRNA, but each tRNA only has 3 letters and one amino acid 3 letters = codon Happens in ribosomes Cells – Protein synthesis!!! Phase 4 4. Proteins!!! When the tRNA has translated all of the mRNA, and each of the amino acids have been joined together, your finished protein is either used by the cell, or packaged and exported in the ER or Golgi complex to other parts of the body Cells – Protein synthesis!!! Phase 4 4. Proteins!!! When the tRNA has translated all of the mRNA, and each of the amino acids have been joined together, your finished protein is either used by the cell, or packaged and exported in the ER or Golgi complex to other parts of the body Cells – Final touches... • Once the amino acids have been joined together to form the protein they get: – sent off to Golgi Complex and/or ER for finishing touches and to get packaged up and sent to their “work site.” – Or they get used immediately in the cell