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AP Study Guide for Chapter 7- Learning 65 MC Know the definitions of the following: Learning (relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.) Associative learning (A type of learning principle based on the assumption that ideas and experiences reinforce one another and can be linked to enhance the learning process- Pavlov.) Acquisition (initial stage of the learning or conditioning process. In this stage, some response is being associated with some stimulus to the point where we can say the organism (person, animal, etc.) has "acquired" the response. During this stage the response is strengthened (reinforced) so that it is truly "learned".) Extinction (reduction of some response that the organism currently or previously produced) Spontaneous recovery (reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response) Generalization (conditioned response starts occurring in response to the presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned stimulus.) Discrimination (an ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other, similar stimuli that don't signal an unconditioned stimulus.) Operant Conditioning (form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences) Law of Effect ((states that behaviors that lead to satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated than behaviors that lead to unwanted outcomes. Ex. Cat in puzzle box), Successive approximations (Part of shaping, term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response by reinforcing any responses that come close to the desired response) Shaping (gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response/behavior by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.) Reinforcer (an event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows), Positive Reinforcer (stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response) Negative Reinforcer (any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response) Partial Reinforcement (ex slot machines) Fixed Ratio (schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced only after a specified number of response have been made), Fixed Interval (must wait for a specific amount of time and then make the operant response in order to receive reinforcement.) Variable Interval (reinforcement is given to a response after specific amount of time has passed (an unpredictable amount of time), but this amount of time is on a changing/variable schedule.) Variable Ratio (reinforcement is given after an unpredictable (variable) number of responses are made by the organism.) Negative Punishment (Any stimulus that represses a behavior. In this case, something is removed to decrease the behavior. It is important to note that punishment is not the same as negative reinforcement.) cognitive map (mental representation of the layout of one's environment.) Extrinsic Motivation( desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments) Intrinsic Motivation (trying to perform the behavior for its own sake) Shaping (gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.) Observational learning (The process of acquiring information by observing others. Learning to tie your shoe by observing another individual perform the task would be an example of observational learning.) learning associations ( conditioning is the process of learning associations) Higher order conditioning (classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating) to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus.) Modeling (form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual.) definitions of the following: Learning Associative Learning Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Operant Conditioning Law of Effect Successive approximations Shaping Reinforcer Positive Reinforcer Negative Reinforcer Partial reinforcement Fixed Ratio Fixed interval Variable interval Variable Ratio Negative Punishment Cognitive Map Extrinsic Motivation Shaping Observational Learning Mirror Neurons Learning associations Modeling Higher Order Conditioning Examples of: Associative learning, classical conditioning, observational learning, Extinction, Generalization, Spontaneous Recovery, discrimination, , Negative/Positive reinforcers, Fixed Ratio, Partial reinforcement, Schedules of Reinforcements- Fixed Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Variable Ratio, Negative Punishment, Cognitive Maps, Extrinsic/Intrinsic Motivation, Shaping, Mirror Neurons, People to Know: Skinner (Skinner box-operant chamber; containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward), Skinner/Thorndike (Law of Effect), Bandura (Observational Learning/ Bobo the clown experiment) , Watson(behaviorist), Pavlov (first experiments with associative learning, know his experiments with salivary conditioning of dogs) Little Albert Experiment Random: What does the Cognitive Perspective (school of psychology) emphasize the classical conditioning depends on an organism’s expectation that a US will follow a CS. (the thunder lightning example) Portions to classical Conditioning (in examples): US(naturally causes it to happen- Pavlov: presentation of the food), UR(naturally occurring response, Pavlov: salivation), CS(Pavlov: tone that causes the dog to salivated be cause it has been associated with the presentation of the food), CR( Pavlov:salivation trigged by the sound of the tone)