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1. The first step in the scientific method is to
A. make an observation.
C. design an experiment.
B. formulate an hypothesis.
D. publish your idea.
2. A scientific theory can best be described as a(n)
A. initial speculation on the cause of a phenomenon.
B. tentative explanation for the cause of some observation.
C. well-tested description of processes and mechanisms to explain a phenomenon.
D. none of the above.
3. The person that developed the idea of multiple creation sites and times was
A. Cuvier.
B. Lamark.
C. Buffon.
D. Linnaeus.
4. The person that favored the idea of uniformitarianism was
A. Cuvier.
C. Buffon.
B. Lamark.
D. Lyell.
5. (4) Define the phrase “natural selection and descent with modification”, and identify
the person who proposed this idea?
Natural selection is a process by which nature places constraints on the life of an
organism that forces it to adapt to the change and breed or go extinct. C. Darwin first
proposed this idea.
6. A homeostatic mechanism that follows a negative loop would ? the original stimulus.
A. decrease or increase
B. just increase
C. only maintain
D. not change
7. (4) Cite four characteristics used to classify something as an animal?
All animals are classified as being multicellular heterotrophs, containing specialized
tissues, have defined developmental stages, have contractile proteins, are motile, and have a
fixed adult size.
8. (3) Explain two ways in which the fossil record is examined to support descent with
modification?
I would expect you to be able to explain how geological stratification, radiometric dating,
racemization, or magnetic reversal could be used to support descent with modification.
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9. Analogous structures have
A. an outward similarity, but differ inwardly, like a wing.
B. a common structure, but different function, like forelimbs.
C. no apparent purpose in the organism, like pelvic bones.
D. a truly novel design, like an eye
10. Evidence of evolution occurring today comes from examples like
A. the cloning of Dolly.
B. the peppered moth of England.
C. artificial selection.
D. both B and C.
11. An alternative form of a gene is a(n)
A. phenotype.
C. digenic.
B. morphotype.
D. allele.
12. An organism that carries two different variants of a gene is a/an
A. homozygote
B. mutation.
C. polyzygote.
D. heterozygote.
13. A large group of interbreeding individuals living in the same area is a
A. species.
B. population.
C. taxa.
D. genus.
14. Mendel’s principles predicts that gene frequency in a population should
A. continuously change.
B. decrease.
C. stay relatively stable.
D. increase.
15. (3) Cite three conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg Principle to hold true for gene
frequency in a population?
According to H-W populations samples should be large, show random mating, no gene
flow, no mutation, or natural selection can occur within the population.
16. Changes in a population due to immigration is called
A. gene flow.
C. genetic drift.
B. chance encounters.
D. gene pool alteration.
17. (3) Explain how a founder effect changes a population’s gene pool?
The founder effect is caused when a splinter group of organisms from an existing
population leave the pool and establish a new population away from the original populatio.
The new population’s gene frequencies will be different from the original population and be
solely dependent on the gene frequencies of the genes of the splinter group.
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18. The ultimate source of genetic variation is
A. gene flow.
C. mutation.
B. genetic drift.
D. natural selection.
19. Assortative mating would ? the frequency of genes in a gene pool.
A. increase
B. disrupt
C. decrease
D. randomize
20. (4) Which natural selection trend would occur during environmental change? Why?
This could either be diversifying or directional. If the population is split into two groups
by the environmental event then the resulting group could become two separate populations
or a diversifying effect. Most environmental events tend towards pushing the whole
population in one direction or another in the expression of a trait and leading to a directional
affect.
21. (2) Cite and describe two reasons that could place a population at risk for extinction?
If an existing population had an extremely narrow or extremely wide range for its
existence then it would be at risk for extinction because it would have difficulty trying to exist
as it range became limited. Another possibility is that if some huge environmental incident
occurred or if the population were simply outcompeted for resources by another population.
22. Speciation caused by a edge effect event is called ? speciation.
A. parapatric
B. sympatric
C. allopatric
D. lucky-o-patric
23. (4) Describe how a temporal and a mechanical pre-zygotic mechanism may operate
to prevent speciation?
A temporal barrier relates to the events of reproduction related to the timing of
reproduction. One group simply breeds at a different time of the day, month or year. A
mechanical barrier relates to the idea that the reproductive “equipment” doesn’t fit together
to pass the sperm to the female.
24. The fossil record favors a ? mode of evolution.
A. gradual
C. mosaic
B. punctuated
D. pie-ala-
25. Life on earth first appeared approximately ? years ago.
A. 200,000
C. 65.5 million
B. 15.3 billion
D. 3.5 billion
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26. (4) Explain how the shifting of the continents at different times throughout time
affected the diversity of organisms on earth?
As the continents shifted due to tectonic plate movements new areas of habitats and
niches appeared. This process takes time which allowed organisms the opportunity to
invade, adapt, and conquer these new areas leaving behind a legacy of organisms.
27. (4) Explain the principle behind radioisotope and racemization in dating the fossil record?
Radioisotope dating is based on the current understanding of radioactive half-life decay
of an isotope, while racemization is the changing of the L-form (biologically active) of amino
acids to the D-form upon death of the organism. When an organism dies it contains a given
amount of an isotope or L-form in its body structures and as these decay or change
(respectively) we can measure the remaining volume and then calculate the approximate age
of when the death of the organism occurred. These volumes are compared to their
concentration to a similar shaped structure found in a living organism today.
28. The “pre-life” atmosphere consisted mainly of N2, NH3, H2, H2O, and
A. CO2.
B. O2.
C. ozone (O3).
D. only A and B.
29. (3) Explain how a phylogenetic tree differs from a cladistic analysis of specie relationships?
Phylogenetic trees are based on organizing a group of organisms with regard for the
evolutionary history based on a set of shared characteristics, whereas a cladistic analysis uses
a point system to separate organisms based on the presence of characteristics (sort of in
group versus out group) but not necessarily including evolutionary history.
30. (4) Describe the structure and function of an epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue consists of densely packed cells that are flat, blocked, or column shaped
that are organized into single sheets or multiple layers. The primary function of this tissue is
to act as a barrier between two environments.
31. (2) Describe how an ectotherm can regulate temperature by blood flow?
Ectotherms can regulate their body temperature by changing when and where blood
pools in their bodies dependent on the environmental ambient temperature.
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32. The embryonic layer that will eventually form the muscles of the adult is the
A. musclederm.
B. mesoderm.
C. endoderm.
D. ectoderm.
33. Electrical is too nervous, as ? is too endocrine
A. chemical
C. phospholipid
B. signal
D. gland
34. (2) Cite the animal body systems designed to move substances through the body?
Smooth Muscular System
35. (2) Cite the animal body systems designed to move the entire animal body?
Skeletal Muscular System
36. (2) Cite the animal body systems designed to protect the body from unwanted entry?
Integumentary System
37. (2) Cite two examples of respiration strategies seen in animals?
Direct, Tracheal (lungs), or Gills
38. (2) Classify a chordate animal as per body cavity type and symmetry?
Coelomate and Bilateral
39. (2) What would you tell someone if they accused you of being a deuterostomic ecdyzoan?
I would tell them “Why yes I am a deuterostome (because?), but since I don’t shed my
exoskeleton I am not an ecdysone, thank you very much”.
40. (10) Match the statements in column B with the phyla in column A.
D
H
G
I
J
A
E
B
F
C
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nemertea
Mollusca
Annelida
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Mammalia
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A. Segmented body with a true coelom, earthworms and leeches
B. Highly successful, “chewing” mouth parts, some fly
C. Furry, live births, mammary glands, and feed young
D. No true tissues and sessile adults
E. Round worms covered with a cuticle and some reeeealy like us
F. Slow moving water living radial, kind of a throw back
G. Flat worm with complete simple nervous and digestive systems
H. Both medusan and polyp stages in a radial life style
I. The first closed circulatory system and they have a proboscis
J. All of us have (can put) a foot and (on a) mantle
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