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Transcript
Section 3 Interactive Study Guide Chapter 8 Strengthening Operant Behavior 1. Reinforcement that occurs after every desired behavior is exhibited is called continuous reinforcement a. While continuous reinforcement is good for quick initial learning, it is not good at preventing extinction as the subject expects to receive reinforcement each time and when does not will stop exhibiting desired behavior 2. When reinforcement for the desired behavior is given occasionally this refers to the partial reinforcement (intermittent schedule) a. The use of a partial reinforcement schedule is good for desired response long term because the subject is left guessing when reinforcement is going to be given b. Four types of Partial Reinforcement Schedules (ratio- behaviors performed)/ interval based on time elapsed) i. Reinforcement that is provided after a set number of the correct responses/ behaviors performed- like buy 4 cups of coffee the 5th is one free is called a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule ii. Reinforcement that is provided after a varying number of correct responses/ behaviors are performed- like a slot machine in a casino- is called a variable-ratio (VR) schedule iii. Reinforcement is provided for the first desired response after a set amount of time has elapsed is called a- like your favorite showing coming on every Monday night at 8:00 fixed-interval (FI) schedule iv. Reinforcement is provided after the first desired response after a varying amount of time has elapsed- like your favorite TV show coming after the football game is done (which is unpredictable) is called variable-interval (VI) schedule Removing Operant Behavior 3. For extinction to take place, the reinforcement must be not given or absent after the desired response is displayed. Applications of Operant Behavior 4. A variety of professions, teachers, coaches, bosses, use B.F. Skinner’s principle of operant conditioning. A change in a previous behavior to a newly desired behavior is called behavior modification Section 3 Interactive Study Guide Chapter 8 a. An environment that reinforces desirable behavior by rewarding the behavior with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for other reinforcers is called a token economies Cognitive Learning 5. Cognitive psychologists believe that the mental interpretation or representation of an event is necessary for learning to take place. Learned Helplessness 6. Martin Seligman believed that failure to continue exerting effort for an outcome because all previous attempts have failed refers to learned helplessness. If a person or animal perceives that they have no control over a situation or an outcome, they will then abandon all efforts in trying to change the situation. Latent Learning and Cognitive Mapping 7. Edward Tolman conducted research on the cognitive learning of mice when placed in a maze. He believed that learning takes place cognitively rather than observationally. Mental representations that people rely on to understand complex patterns, situations, or places are called cognitive map- a mental map- picturing routes and destinations. a. Learning that may not be displayed until a later time, is not always observable and may lie hidden or dormant until proper circumstances arise that require this prior learning to be displayed called latent learning. For example, going over football plays at home, but actually showing you know the plays in the game. Observational Learning 8. Observational learning, acquiring knowledge by watching others perform a task, were conducted and researched by whom? Albert Bandura a. What was the name of Bandura’s experiment? Bobo Doll Experiment b. The purpose of this study was to examine what effects the violence displayed in the media might have on o children’s behavior. Bandura’s study concluded that children who watched a recorded adult actor behave violently toward the Bobo doll and also got rewarded would then act the same- which he called modeledimitated or copied the behavior that was directly observed.