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Anatomy P110/J.Wiens
Porterville College
Endocrine System
I. Overview
Endocrine means
(These glands secrete _______________ directly into blood or surrounding interstitial fluid.)
Hormones regulate __________________________.
Exocrine glands secrete fluid and/or substances that are _________________________________.
e.g. - Salivary glands secrete into _____________________
Sweat glands secrete onto _______________________
The three kinds of hormones are:
Protein -________________________________________
These cannot be taken orally because digestive enzymes would break them down. (e.g. – insulin)
Steroid - _________________________________(e.g. – testosterone, estrogen)
Amine - ____________________________________________ These always have -NH2 group.
(e.g. –epinephrine)
The action of hormones is to ________________________________metabolism in target cells.
Example –_________________ goes to many organs and stimulates increase in glucose uptake.
Hormone levels are maintained both ___________________________________________ loops.
See examples on page 606.
II. Pituitary Gland (protected in the _____________________)
Most secretions are controlled by the _____________________
which produces releasing hormones. These pass down _________________________ to the …
1. The anterior lobe - (adenohypophysis) which produces:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –
Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –
Growth hormone –
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) –
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Anatomy P110/J.Wiens
Porterville College
Luteinizing hormone (LH) –
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) –
2. The Posterior Lobe - (neurohypophysis) produces
Oxytocin –
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) –
Hormones actually are produced in ____________________ cells in the ______________________.
Hormones are passed down _______________ to the posterior pituitary and stored until a nerve
impulse triggers their ____________.
III. Thyroid Gland
1. Located below the larynx on either side of the trachea, connected by _____________
2. Comprised of many ____________________ which remove iodine from the __________
when producing hormones.
3. Hormones - Thyroxine ( ) and Triiodothyronine ( ).
(A) Regulate how fast oxygen is used to make __________
(B) Stimulate ______________________ and increase the use of glucose in _____ production.
(C) Accelerate body _______________.
Another hormone - _________________ - increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys or
encourages calcium to deposit in the bones. (Active when you have
)
4. Disorders include
Hypothyroidism
Cretinism - first month after birth - _____________________________________. Also
causes abnormal bone formation.
Myxedema - in adults. ________________________________, increases sensitive to cold.
Causes facial tissues to swell.
We can get a _______________________ goiter from an ____________ deficiency.
A low level of ___________ in the blood causes a low level of _______________________
in blood, this stimulates more production of ________ which ______________________________.
Hyperthyroidism - overactive, mentally alert
Grave's disease (toxic goiter)
We unfortunately make thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (
) instead of (
).
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Anatomy P110/J.Wiens
Porterville College
TSI does _____ stimulate ____________ ____________, so the hypothalamus continually
tells the thyroid to grow.
______________________ can result. ________ swells the tissues behind the eyes causing
the eye to bulge.
IV. Parathyroid Gland
_________ glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland.
Chief cells produce __________________________
Oxyphil cells _________________________________________.
PTH increases the number of ____________________, thus increasing _______________________.
Thus, calcium is taken out of the bone and put into the ______________.
PTH also causes calcium to be reabsorbed by the ____________.
PTH also causes calcium to be reabsorbed by the ___________________________.
V. Adrenal Gland
Located on top of the ______________.
Consists of a ____________ and a ___________.
1. Adrenal cortex
Made of three layers.
Hormones: Aldosterone - increases _______ and decreases ________ in the blood.
(thus _____________ urine output)
Cortisol - _________________ protein catabolism
_________________ gluconeogenesis
(formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates).
(cortisol also has anti-inflammatory properties)
Gonadocorticoids - male and female _________________________ .
2. Adrenal medulla - secretes ___________________ and _____________________ (adrenalin).
Hormones produce same response as the ___________________ nervous system.
VI. Pancreas
_____ of cells produce digestive enzymes. ______ are located in the ______________________
(Pancreatic Islets).
Types of cells
1. Alpha cells - secrete ___________
Increase blood glucose by
2. Beta cells - secrete _____________
Decrease blood glucose by
3. Delta cells - secretes ________________.
Decreases ________________________________.
(This slows nutrient absorption and growth actions.)
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Anatomy P110/J.Wiens
Porterville College
4. F cells - secretes ______________________________.
This decreases ______________________. Pancreatic polypeptide is released when fasting,
exercising, or if having low sugar meals.
VII. Pineal Gland
Secretes ________________________ (which results in ________________)
Attached to thalamus
The secretion of melatonin follows circadian rhythms (day-night), (light-dark)
1. SAD 2. Jet lag - to get over jet lag you need 3-6 hours of bright light. (Bright light causes a
decrease in melatonin production.)
3. Insomnia
VIII Thymus Gland
Located in the ______________________.
Secretes ________________, which is believed to stimulate production and maturation of _________.
(T-cells are white blood cells which ingest and destroy pathogens.)
The thymus is largest at _______________ old. It then starts to degenerate. The T-cells that
are made can continue to mature. (Memory T-cells last into old age.)
IX. Gonads
Testes produce ____________________ which is important in the production of sperm and the
development of secondary male characteristics.
Two hormones that the ovaries produce are _______________ and _______________. These help
regulate the female reproductive cycle.
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