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Anatomy P110/J.Wiens Porterville College Endocrine System I. Overview Endocrine means (These glands secrete _______________ directly into blood or surrounding interstitial fluid.) Hormones regulate __________________________. Exocrine glands secrete fluid and/or substances that are _________________________________. e.g. - Salivary glands secrete into _____________________ Sweat glands secrete onto _______________________ The three kinds of hormones are: Protein -________________________________________ These cannot be taken orally because digestive enzymes would break them down. (e.g. – insulin) Steroid - _________________________________(e.g. – testosterone, estrogen) Amine - ____________________________________________ These always have -NH2 group. (e.g. –epinephrine) The action of hormones is to ________________________________metabolism in target cells. Example –_________________ goes to many organs and stimulates increase in glucose uptake. Hormone levels are maintained both ___________________________________________ loops. See examples on page 606. II. Pituitary Gland (protected in the _____________________) Most secretions are controlled by the _____________________ which produces releasing hormones. These pass down _________________________ to the … 1. The anterior lobe - (adenohypophysis) which produces: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – Growth hormone – Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) – 1 Anatomy P110/J.Wiens Porterville College Luteinizing hormone (LH) – Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) – 2. The Posterior Lobe - (neurohypophysis) produces Oxytocin – Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Hormones actually are produced in ____________________ cells in the ______________________. Hormones are passed down _______________ to the posterior pituitary and stored until a nerve impulse triggers their ____________. III. Thyroid Gland 1. Located below the larynx on either side of the trachea, connected by _____________ 2. Comprised of many ____________________ which remove iodine from the __________ when producing hormones. 3. Hormones - Thyroxine ( ) and Triiodothyronine ( ). (A) Regulate how fast oxygen is used to make __________ (B) Stimulate ______________________ and increase the use of glucose in _____ production. (C) Accelerate body _______________. Another hormone - _________________ - increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys or encourages calcium to deposit in the bones. (Active when you have ) 4. Disorders include Hypothyroidism Cretinism - first month after birth - _____________________________________. Also causes abnormal bone formation. Myxedema - in adults. ________________________________, increases sensitive to cold. Causes facial tissues to swell. We can get a _______________________ goiter from an ____________ deficiency. A low level of ___________ in the blood causes a low level of _______________________ in blood, this stimulates more production of ________ which ______________________________. Hyperthyroidism - overactive, mentally alert Grave's disease (toxic goiter) We unfortunately make thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin ( ) instead of ( ). 2 Anatomy P110/J.Wiens Porterville College TSI does _____ stimulate ____________ ____________, so the hypothalamus continually tells the thyroid to grow. ______________________ can result. ________ swells the tissues behind the eyes causing the eye to bulge. IV. Parathyroid Gland _________ glands on the posterior side of the thyroid gland. Chief cells produce __________________________ Oxyphil cells _________________________________________. PTH increases the number of ____________________, thus increasing _______________________. Thus, calcium is taken out of the bone and put into the ______________. PTH also causes calcium to be reabsorbed by the ____________. PTH also causes calcium to be reabsorbed by the ___________________________. V. Adrenal Gland Located on top of the ______________. Consists of a ____________ and a ___________. 1. Adrenal cortex Made of three layers. Hormones: Aldosterone - increases _______ and decreases ________ in the blood. (thus _____________ urine output) Cortisol - _________________ protein catabolism _________________ gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates). (cortisol also has anti-inflammatory properties) Gonadocorticoids - male and female _________________________ . 2. Adrenal medulla - secretes ___________________ and _____________________ (adrenalin). Hormones produce same response as the ___________________ nervous system. VI. Pancreas _____ of cells produce digestive enzymes. ______ are located in the ______________________ (Pancreatic Islets). Types of cells 1. Alpha cells - secrete ___________ Increase blood glucose by 2. Beta cells - secrete _____________ Decrease blood glucose by 3. Delta cells - secretes ________________. Decreases ________________________________. (This slows nutrient absorption and growth actions.) 3 Anatomy P110/J.Wiens Porterville College 4. F cells - secretes ______________________________. This decreases ______________________. Pancreatic polypeptide is released when fasting, exercising, or if having low sugar meals. VII. Pineal Gland Secretes ________________________ (which results in ________________) Attached to thalamus The secretion of melatonin follows circadian rhythms (day-night), (light-dark) 1. SAD 2. Jet lag - to get over jet lag you need 3-6 hours of bright light. (Bright light causes a decrease in melatonin production.) 3. Insomnia VIII Thymus Gland Located in the ______________________. Secretes ________________, which is believed to stimulate production and maturation of _________. (T-cells are white blood cells which ingest and destroy pathogens.) The thymus is largest at _______________ old. It then starts to degenerate. The T-cells that are made can continue to mature. (Memory T-cells last into old age.) IX. Gonads Testes produce ____________________ which is important in the production of sperm and the development of secondary male characteristics. Two hormones that the ovaries produce are _______________ and _______________. These help regulate the female reproductive cycle. 4