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Transcript
Learning Types of graphs: histogram: a bar graphs that shows frequency distributions frequency polygon: (M617) (M617) a line graph that shows frequency distributions scatter plots: a pattern of dots corresponding to an X and Y axis that tells if the two characteristics are in any way correlated with each other (M622) positive correlation if a line runs from the lower left-hand corner to the upper right hand corner (as one thing increases so does the other, e.g. as attendance increases so do grades) negative correlation is a line runs from the upper left-hand corner to the lower right hand corner (as one thing increases the other decreases, e.g. as absences increase grades decrease) learning curve: a graph of educational performance with the horizontal axis showing the number of trials and the vertical axis showing the actual change in a subject's performance (Harcourt website) Emotional learning escape conditioning occurs when an organism learns that a response will stop an unpleasant stimulus avoidance conditioning occurs when an organism learns that a response will prompt an unpleasant stimulus active avoidance occurs when an organism must demonstrate a specific response in order to avoid an aversive stimulus avoid passive avoidance is when an organism must not respond in order to an aversive stimulus. Learned taste aversions based on the idea the animals and humans are biologically prepared to make certain connections more easily than others; if you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will develop an aversion to it; promotes powerful avoidance responses based on a single stimulus-response pairing; the pairing also occurs over several hours (B81) Coping versus helplessness there are three basic coping strategies: confrontation involves acknowledging a stressful situation directly and attempting to find a solution to the problem or attain the difficult goal goal when compromise involves deciding on a more realistic solution or an ideal solution or goal is not practical coping are withdrawal involves avoiding a situation when other forms of not practical (M484-486) defensive coping involves using defense mechanisms such as denial, repression, projection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction formation, displacement and sublimation (M489 chart) helplessness is failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as the result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli (M197-198) Biological constraints on learning researchers have found animals will not perform certain behaviors that go against their natural inclinations; the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behavior is called instinctual drift (B86, see also lecture notes for Learning) Cognition complexity a largely unconscious set of related ideas that have a common emotional tone and strongly influence a person's behavior and attitudes; medicine. a group of physical symptoms or signs that appear together with some consistency (Harcourt website) practical methods for improving memory steps include developing motivation, practicing memory skills, being confident, minimizing distractions, staying focused, making connections between new and old material, using mental imagery, using retrieval cues and relying more on memory alone (M248-252, see also SQ3R B249-250)) metacognitive skills in thinking 1. Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, esp. regarded as having a role in directing those processes. 1972 L. R. GLEITMAN et al. in Cognition 1 161 The lower-order process often proceeds without any metacognition... Examples of meta-cognition in memory are recollection..and intentional learning. 1977 Child Devel. 48 1/1 Metacognition refers to the individual's knowledge concerning his own cognitive processes, and the development of such selfawareness in children has become a topic of considerable interest. 1981 Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Devel. 46 No. 5. (serial no. 92) 3 Metacognition means knowledge and cognitive activity that takes cognitive phenomena as its object. (OED)