Download Plasma Membrane - Warren County Schools

The Plasma Membrane -
Gateway to the Cell
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Cell Membrane
The cell
membrane is
flexible and
allows a
unicellular
organism to
move
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Semipermeable Membrane
Small molecules and larger hydrophobic
molecules move through easily.
e.g. O2, CO2, H2O
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Semipermeable Membrane
Ions, hydrophilic molecules larger than
water, and large molecules such as proteins
do not move through the membrane on their
own.
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Concentration Gradient
• A difference in the concentration of
a substance across a space.
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Homeostasis
• Balanced internal condition of
cells
• Also called equilibrium
• Maintained by plasma membrane
controlling what enters & leaves
the cell
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Types of Transport
Across Cell
Membranes
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Three Forms of Transport Across the Membrane
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Simple Diffusion
• Requires NO
energy
• Molecules
move from
area of HIGH
to LOW
concentration
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DIFFUSION
Diffusion PASSIVE process
which means no
energy is used to
make the
molecules move.
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Passive Transport
Diffusion
 Doesn’t require energy
 Moves high to low
concentration
Example: Oxygen or
water diffusing into a
cell and carbon dioxide
diffusing out.

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Diffusion of Liquids
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Diffusion through a
Membrane
Cell membrane
Solute moves DOWN concentration gradient (HIGH to
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LOW)
Osmosis
• Diffusion of water
across a
membrane
• Moves from HIGH
water potential
(low solute) to
LOW water
potential (high
solute)
Diffusion across a membrane
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Semipermeable
membrane
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Diffusion of H2O Across A
Membrane
High H2O potential
Low H2O potential
Low solute concentration
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High solute concentration
Aquaporins
• Water Channels
• Protein pores used during
OSMOSIS
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WATER
MOLECULES
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Water Movement
1. Isotonic – Fluid outside the cell has the
same concentration of particles as the
cytoplasm.
No net water movement.
2. Hypotonic – Fluid outside the cell has a
lower concentration of particles than the
cytoplasm.
Water diffuses into the cell.
3. Hypertonic – The fluid outside of the cell
has a higher concentration of particles
than the cytoplasm. Water diffuses out of
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the cell.
Cell in Isotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
10% NaCL
90% H2O
NO NET
MOVEMENT
What is the direction of water movement?
equilibrium
The cell is at _______________.
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Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Cell in Hypertonic Solution
15% NaCL
85% H2O
ENVIRONMENT
CELL
5% NaCL
95% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Cells in Solutions
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Osmosis in Red Blood Cells
Isotonic
Hypotonic
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Hypertonic
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What Happens to Blood Cells?
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hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
hypotonic
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Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusion
Doesn’t require energy
Uses transport
proteins to move high to
low concentration
Examples: Glucose or
amino acids moving from
blood into a cell.
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Proteins Are Critical to
Membrane Function
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Types of Transport Proteins
1. Ion Channel
2. Carrier Proteins
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Types of Transport Proteins
1. Ion Channels are embedded in
the cell membrane & have a
pore for materials to cross
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502001.html
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Facilitated Diffusion
Molecules will randomly move through
the pores in Ion Channel.
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Types of Transport Proteins
2. Carrier proteins can change shape
to move material from one side of
the membrane to the other
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Some Carrier
proteins do not
extend through
the membrane.
• They bond and
drag molecules
through the lipid
bilayer and
release them on
the opposite side.
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Carrier Proteins
• Other carrier
proteins
change shape
to move
materials
across the cell
membrane
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Active Transport
Requires energy or
ATP
Moves materials from
LOW to HIGH
concentration
AGAINST
concentration gradient
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Active transport
Examples: Pumping
3 Na+ (sodium
ions) out and 2 K+
(potassium ions) in
against strong
concentration
gradients.
Called Na+-K+ Pump
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Moving the “Big Stuff”
Exocytosis
- moving
things
out.
Molecules are moved out of the cell by vesicles that fuse
with the plasma membrane.
This is how many hormones
are secreted and how nerve
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cells communicate with one another.
Exocytosis
Exocytic
vesicle
immediately
after fusion
with plasma
membrane.
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Moving the “Big Stuff”
Large molecules move materials into the cell by
one of three forms of endocytosis.
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1. Pinocytosis
Most common form of endocytosis.
Takes in dissolved
molecules
as a vesicle
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Pinocytosis
• Cell forms an
invagination
• Materials
dissolve in
water to be
brought into cell
• Called “Cell
Drinking”
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Example of Pinocytosis
mature transport vesicle
pinocytic vesicles forming
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Transport across a capillary cell (blue).
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2. Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis
Some integral proteins have receptors
on their surface to recognize & take in
hormones, cholesterol,
etc.
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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3. Phagocytosis
Used to engulf large particles such as
food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles
Called “Cell Eating”
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Phagocytosis About to Occur
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Phagocytosis
- Capture
of a Yeast
Cell (yellow)
by
Membrane
Extensions
of an
Immune
System Cell
(blue)
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Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large
molecules that are manufactured in the cell are
released through the cell membrane.
Inside Cell
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Cell environment
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