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Lipids Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen Also a small amount of oxygen 1 • Lipids – diverse, hydrophobic molecules 2 Lipids –macromolecules Most diverse of all organic molecules. Unifying characteristic - hydrophobic Hydro=water phobic=fearing Do NOT dissolve in water because they are nonpolar – do not have a positive and negative end FAT MOLECULE 3 Types of Lipids 1.Fats and Oils 2.Phospholipids 3.Steroids 4 Neutral Fats = Fats and Oils • Long term ENERGY storage • Store twice as much energy as carbs • Also helps to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs 5 Neutral Fats = Triglycerides Building blocks of Triglycerides • 3 Fatty acids + Glycerol Glycerol is always the same. Fatty acids can be different. 6 Triglyceride Glycerol Fatty Acid Chains 7 8 9 Types of Fatty Acids • Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens. • -contain SINGLE bonds b/w carbons • -comes from animals • -solid at room temperature - Common name = FATS - Unhealthy: increase your risk for heart disease 10 Saturated Fatty Acid •Notice all the single bonds between carbons. •Notice 2 hydrogen's attached to all the carbons, except for the ends. 11 Saturated fats = fats • Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter and shortening and fat from meat) 12 Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fatty acids – contain less than the maximum number of hydrogen's bonded to the carbons - Have double bonds between some of the carbons (cause kinks or bends in carbon chain) - Come mostly from plants - Liquids at room temperature - Often called “oils” - Healthy 13 Unsaturated Fatty Acids Notice the double bond between the two carbons. Notice the bend in the carbon chain caused by the double bonds. Notice the carbons with the double bonds only have 1 hydrogen attached. 14 15 Unsaturated Fats = oils • Most plant oils tend to be high in unsaturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils) 16 Phospholipids • Similar in structure to neutral fats • Difference: one of the fatty acid chains has been replaced by a phosphate group • Polar Phosphate head • 2 Fatty acid nonpolar tails • Attached to glycerol backbone 17 Phospholipids – major component of cell membranes 18 Steroids •All steroids and derivatives made from 4 interlocking rings •Differences: functional groups attached to ring 19 Steroids – precursor used to make other molecules • Functions: •1. Steroids make Cholesterol -found in cell membranes •2. Cholesterol = used to make sex hormones: •Testosterone •Estrogen •Progesterone •3. Also used to make o Cortisol o Bile Salts Cholesterol Estrogen Testosterone 20 Synthetic Anabolic Steroids •They are variants of testosterone Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly They can pose serious health risks 21 Proteins • All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and NITROGEN • CHON • Monomers = amino acids 22 The “R” group is what makes AA different from each other. Each AA has its own unique R-group 23 What are amino acids? 1.Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins 2.There are 20 different amino acids. 3. Amino acids join in different orders to form thousands of different proteins. 24 Like cars in a train: Individual cars are like the monomers Can make many different trains from a few different cars by putting them in different orders Entire train is like the polymer Can make many different polymers from a few different monomers 25 20 Amino Acid Monomers 26 Making Proteins • Proteins are formed by covalent bonding between the carboxyl group of one AA and the amine group of another amino acid. • The bond formed between the AA is a peptide bond. • The order of the amino acids determine the structure, which determines the function of the protein 27 Peptide Bonds 28 Length of AA Chain • Peptide = 2-9 AA’s • Polypeptide = 10 – 100 AA’s • Protein = over 100 AA’s 29 Protein Structure • Primary Structure = amino acid sequence • Secondary Structure = coiling and folding produced by hydrogen bonding • Tertiary Structure = overall 3-D shape caused by R-group interactions • Quaternary Structure = 2 or more polypeptide chains joined together 30 R-group Interactions • • • • Hydrogen bonds Salt bridges Disulfide bridges Hydrophobic Interactions 31 Denaturation of Proteins • Disruption of the 3-D conformation of protein • Primary structure not affected • Causes: o High temperatures o Changes in pH o Alcohol o Heavy metal salts 32 Proteins • Fibrous = primarily alpha helix • Make up body parts • Globular = combination of alpha helix and beta sheet • Functional proteins because DO things 33 Functions of Proteins Structural-make up spider silk, animal hair, tendon and ligament fibers Contractile-make up muscle fibers that provide muscular movements 34 Classes of Proteins Storage-make up ovalbumin which is protein for developing embryos Defense- make up antibodies which help fight infections Transport-make up hemoglobin which carries oxygen in red blood cells 35 Classes of Proteins Signal-A. make up molecules that serve as receptors on cells. B. Include hormones and neurotransmitters that send signals to cells *Enzymes-make up catalysts that help speed up chemical reactions in living things. 36 37 Foods High in Proteins 38 Enzymes • Speed up chemical reactions Enzyme + substrate = proper position for chemical changes to occur Enzymes not changed or used up by the reaction 39 Enzymes: 40 Enzymes • Enzymes are reusable • Enzymes catalyze millions of reactions per second • Enzymes determine which reactions occur: No enzyme = No reaction • Substrate specific = only catalyze one type or small group of chemical reactions 41 Enzymes • Named according to the type of reaction or molecule they catalyze o Hydrolase = add water o Oxidase = causes oxidation o Lipase = breaks down lipids • Some made but must be activated before they will work • Some inactivated after perform their catalytic function 42 Terms: 1. Substrate – the molecule on which an enzyme acts 2. Enzyme-substrate complex – the combination of the enzyme and the substrate so that the reaction may occur. 3. Active site – location on the enzyme where the substrate attaches 4. Product – the molecule(s) that is/are formed after the chemical reaction has occurred. 43 Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction 44 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids 45 Nucleic Acids Make up genes which provide the basic blueprint for life Determine what type of organism you will be Direct growth and development Contain information for making all the body’s proteins Two types exist --- DNA & RNA 46 47 Nucleic Acids: Elements include: C, H, O, N, and P Building blocks are nucleotides 3 parts: -Sugar -Phosphate group -Nitrogen base Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Sugar Nucleotide 48 DNA RNA • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate group • 4 nitrogen bases o Adenine o Thymine o Guanine o Cytosine • Ribose sugar • Phosphate group • 4 nitrogen bases o Adenine o Uracil o Guanine o Cytosine 49 DNA - heredity instructions •Two strands of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds •Double helix •Complementary bases: A-T and C-G Base pair Double helix 50 RNA – make the proteins •Single stranded •Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group •3 types: •mRNA •tRNA •rRNA Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) Uracil Phosphate group Sugar (ribose) 51 ATP - adenosine triphosphate • Energy molecule of the cell • High energy phosphate bonds • Structurally: modified nucleotide o Ribose sugar o 3 phosphate groups o Nitrogen base = Adenine 52 How Energy is Released from ATP Remove 3rd Phosphate 53 Summary of Key Concepts 54 Building Block or Monomers Monosachharide 3 Fatty acids and glycerol Polymer Polysaccharide Triglyceride Amino acids Protein Nucelotides Nucleic Acids 55 Macromolecules 56 Macromolecules 57 End 58 59