Download Phosphate group

Lipids
Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen
Also a small amount of oxygen
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•
Lipids – diverse,
hydrophobic
molecules
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Lipids –macromolecules
Most diverse of all organic molecules.
Unifying characteristic - hydrophobic
Hydro=water phobic=fearing
Do NOT dissolve in
water because they
are nonpolar – do
not have a positive
and negative end
FAT MOLECULE
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Types of Lipids
1.Fats and Oils
2.Phospholipids
3.Steroids
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Neutral Fats = Fats and Oils
• Long term ENERGY storage
• Store twice as much energy as carbs
• Also helps to insulate the body, and
cushion and protect organs
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Neutral Fats = Triglycerides
Building blocks of Triglycerides
• 3 Fatty acids + Glycerol
Glycerol is always the same.
Fatty acids can be different.
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Triglyceride
Glycerol
Fatty Acid Chains
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Types of Fatty Acids
• Saturated fatty acids have the
maximum number of hydrogens.
• -contain SINGLE bonds b/w carbons
• -comes from animals
• -solid at room temperature
- Common name = FATS
- Unhealthy: increase your risk for heart
disease
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Saturated Fatty Acid
•Notice all the single bonds between carbons.
•Notice 2 hydrogen's attached to all the carbons,
except for the ends.
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Saturated fats = fats
• Most animal fats have a high
proportion of saturated fatty acids &
exist as solids at room temperature
(butter and shortening and fat from
meat)
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Unsaturated Fats
• Unsaturated fatty acids – contain less than the
maximum number of hydrogen's bonded to the
carbons
- Have double bonds between some of the carbons
(cause kinks or bends in carbon chain)
- Come mostly from plants
- Liquids at room temperature
- Often called “oils”
- Healthy
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Notice the double bond between the two carbons.
Notice the bend in the carbon chain caused by the
double bonds.
Notice the carbons with the double bonds only have 1
hydrogen attached.
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Unsaturated Fats = oils
• Most plant oils tend to be high in
unsaturated fatty acids & exist as
liquids at room temperature (oils)
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Phospholipids
• Similar in structure to
neutral fats
• Difference: one of the
fatty acid chains has
been replaced by a
phosphate group
• Polar Phosphate head
• 2 Fatty acid nonpolar
tails
• Attached to glycerol
backbone
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Phospholipids – major
component of cell
membranes
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Steroids
•All steroids and
derivatives made
from 4 interlocking
rings
•Differences:
functional groups
attached to ring
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Steroids – precursor used to make other molecules
• Functions:
•1. Steroids make
Cholesterol -found in
cell membranes
•2. Cholesterol = used
to make sex hormones:
•Testosterone
•Estrogen
•Progesterone
•3. Also used to make
o Cortisol
o Bile Salts
Cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone
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Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
•They are variants
of testosterone
Some athletes use
them to build up
their muscles quickly
They can pose
serious health risks
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Proteins
• All proteins contain carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and NITROGEN
• CHON
• Monomers = amino acids
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The “R” group is what
makes AA different from
each other. Each AA has
its own unique R-group
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What are amino acids?
 1.Amino acids are the building
blocks of proteins
 2.There are 20 different amino
acids.
 3. Amino acids join in different
orders to form thousands of
different proteins.
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Like cars in a train:
Individual cars
are like the
monomers
Can make
many different
trains from a
few different
cars by putting
them in
different
orders
Entire train
is like the
polymer
Can make
many different
polymers from
a few different
monomers
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20 Amino Acid Monomers
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Making Proteins
• Proteins are formed by
covalent bonding between
the carboxyl group of one
AA and the amine group of
another amino acid.
• The bond formed between
the AA is a peptide bond.
• The order of the amino
acids determine the
structure, which
determines the function of
the protein
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Peptide Bonds
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Length of AA Chain
• Peptide = 2-9 AA’s
• Polypeptide = 10 – 100 AA’s
• Protein = over 100 AA’s
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Protein Structure
• Primary Structure =
amino acid sequence
• Secondary Structure =
coiling and folding
produced by hydrogen
bonding
• Tertiary Structure =
overall 3-D shape
caused by R-group
interactions
• Quaternary Structure =
2 or more polypeptide
chains joined together
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R-group Interactions
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•
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Hydrogen bonds
Salt bridges
Disulfide bridges
Hydrophobic Interactions
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Denaturation of Proteins
• Disruption of the 3-D conformation of
protein
• Primary structure not affected
• Causes:
o High temperatures
o Changes in pH
o Alcohol
o Heavy metal salts
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Proteins
• Fibrous = primarily
alpha helix
• Make up body parts
• Globular = combination
of alpha helix and beta
sheet
• Functional proteins
because DO things
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Functions of Proteins
Structural-make up spider
silk, animal hair, tendon
and ligament fibers
Contractile-make up muscle
fibers that provide muscular
movements
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Classes of Proteins
Storage-make up ovalbumin
which is protein for
developing embryos
Defense- make up antibodies
which help fight infections
Transport-make
up hemoglobin
which carries
oxygen in red
blood cells
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Classes of Proteins
Signal-A. make up molecules
that serve as receptors on
cells. B. Include hormones and
neurotransmitters that send
signals to cells
*Enzymes-make up catalysts
that help speed up chemical
reactions in living things.
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Foods High in Proteins
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Enzymes
• Speed up chemical reactions
Enzyme + substrate = proper position
for chemical changes to occur
Enzymes not changed or used up by
the reaction
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Enzymes:
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Enzymes
• Enzymes are reusable
• Enzymes catalyze millions of
reactions per second
• Enzymes determine which reactions
occur: No enzyme = No reaction
• Substrate specific = only catalyze one
type or small group of chemical
reactions
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Enzymes
• Named according to the type of reaction or
molecule they catalyze
o Hydrolase = add water
o Oxidase = causes oxidation
o Lipase = breaks down lipids
• Some made but must be activated before
they will work
• Some inactivated after perform their
catalytic function
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Terms:
 1. Substrate – the molecule on which an enzyme
acts
 2. Enzyme-substrate complex – the combination of
the enzyme and the substrate so that the reaction
may occur.
 3. Active site – location on the enzyme where the
substrate attaches
 4. Product – the molecule(s) that is/are formed after
the chemical reaction has occurred.
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Enzyme Catalyzed
Reaction
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids
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Nucleic Acids
Make up genes which provide the
basic blueprint for life
Determine what type of organism
you will be
Direct growth and development
Contain information for making all
the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA &
RNA
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Nucleic Acids: Elements include:
C, H, O, N, and P
Building
blocks are
nucleotides
3 parts:
-Sugar
-Phosphate
group
-Nitrogen
base
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide
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DNA
RNA
• Deoxyribose
sugar
• Phosphate group
• 4 nitrogen bases
o Adenine
o Thymine
o Guanine
o Cytosine
• Ribose sugar
• Phosphate group
• 4 nitrogen bases
o Adenine
o Uracil
o Guanine
o Cytosine
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DNA - heredity instructions
•Two strands of
DNA held
together by
hydrogen bonds
•Double helix
•Complementary
bases: A-T and
C-G
Base
pair
Double helix
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RNA – make the proteins
•Single stranded
•Ribose sugar has
an extra –OH or
hydroxyl group
•3 types:
•mRNA
•tRNA
•rRNA
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or U)
Uracil
Phosphate
group
Sugar (ribose)
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ATP - adenosine triphosphate
• Energy molecule of
the cell
• High energy
phosphate bonds
• Structurally:
modified nucleotide
o Ribose sugar
o 3 phosphate groups
o Nitrogen base = Adenine
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How Energy is Released from ATP
Remove 3rd Phosphate
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Summary of Key Concepts
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Building Block
or Monomers
Monosachharide
3 Fatty acids
and glycerol
Polymer
Polysaccharide
Triglyceride
Amino acids
Protein
Nucelotides
Nucleic Acids
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Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
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End
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