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Chromosomes, Mapping, and the Meiosis-Inheritance Connection Chapter 13 Chromosome Theory Chromosomal theory of inheritance - developed in 1902 by Walter Sutton - proposed that genes are present on chromosomes - based on observations that homologous chromosomes pair with each other during meiosis - supporting evidence was provided by work with fruit flies 2 Sex Chromosomes Sex determination in Drosophila is based on the number of X chromosomes 2 X chromosomes = female 1 X and 1 Y chromosome = male Sex determination in humans is based on the presence of a Y chromosome 2 X chromosomes = female having a Y chromosome (XY) = male 3 1 Sex Chromosomes In many organisms, the Y chromosome is greatly reduced or inactive. genes on the X chromosome are present in only 1 copy in males sex-linked traits: controlled by genes present on the X chromosome Sex-linked traits show inheritance patterns different than those of genes on autosomes. 4 5 6 2 Sex Chromosomes Dosage compensation ensures an equal expression of genes from the sex chromosomes even though females have 2 X chromosomes and males have only 1. In each female cell, 1 X chromosome is inactivated and is highly condensed into a Barr body. Females heterozygous for genes on the X chromosome are genetic mosaics. 7 8 Chromosome Theory Exceptions Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes. traits controlled by these genes do not follow the chromosomal theory of inheritance genes from mitochondria and chloroplasts are often passed to the offspring by only one parent 9 3 Chromosome Theory Exceptions Maternal inheritance: uniparental (oneparent) inheritance from the mother the mitochondria in a zygote are from the egg cell; no mitochondria come from the sperm during fertilization in plants, the chloroplasts are often inherited from the mother, although this is species dependent 10 Genetic Mapping Early geneticists realized that they could obtain information about the distance between genes on a chromosome. - this is genetic mapping This type of mapping is based on genetic recombination (crossing over) between genes. 11 12 4 Human Genetic Disorders Some human genetic disorders are caused by altered proteins. the altered protein is encoded by a mutated DNA sequence the altered protein does not function correctly, causing a change to the phenotype the protein can be altered at only a single amino acid (e.g. sickle cell anemia) 13 14 Human Genetic Disorders Some genetic disorders are caused by a change in the number of chromosomes. nondisjunction during meiosis can create gametes having one too many or one too few chromosomes fertilization of these gametes creates trisomic or monosomic individuals Down syndrome is trisomy of chromosome 21 15 5 16 Human Genetic Disorders Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes can result in: XXX triple-X females XXY males (Klinefelter syndrome) XO females (Turner syndrome) OY nonviable zygotes XYY males (Jacob syndrome) 17 18 6 Human Genetic Disorders genomic imprinting occurs when the phenotype exhibited by a particular allele depends on which parent contributed the allele to the offspring a specific partial deletion of chromosome 15 results in: Prader-Willi syndrome if the chromosome is from the father Angelman syndrome if it’s from the mother 19 Human Genetic Disorders Genetic counseling can use pedigree analysis to determine the probability of genetic disorders in the offspring. Some genetic disorders can be diagnosed during pregnancy. amniocentesis collects fetal cells from the amniotic fluid for examination chorionic villi sampling collects cells from the placenta for examination 20 21 7 22 8