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Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds Carbon atoms are versatile building blocks bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins (Biological Building blocks) IB Biology – Assessment Statements 3.2.1 to 3.2.7 Organic compounds contain carbon (C) and occur naturally only in the bodies of living organisms. They almost always contain hydrogen (H), usually contain oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N), Sometimes contain phosphate (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) or potassium (K) in small amounts. Assessment Statement 3.2.1 Inorganic compounds do not usually contain carbon. This term is used when referring to any compound that is not organic. http://www.slideshare.net/gurustip/org anic-or-inorganic-presentation Assessment Statement 3.2.1 Complex molecules can be assembled like building blocks. Carbon molecules can form long chains or rings. Allowing for multiple branches for bonding. The size and arrangement of organic compounds are unlimited. Organic compounds are divided into 4 groups: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids. Assessment Statement 3.2.1 Hydrocarbons can grow… Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) different chemical properties different biological functions 6 carbons 6 carbons 6 carbons Identify amino acids Form affects function Structural differences create important functional significance amino acid alanine medicines L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine L-version active but not D-version sometimes with tragic results… stereoisomers Form affects function Thalidomide prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body different effects Macromolecules Our Organic Friends! Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Assessment Statement 3.2.2 Assessment Statement 3.2.3 Made of C, H and O, where the ratio of C to H to O is 1:2:1. There are monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simple sugars. Their molecular formula is C6H12O6. They are single unit sugars. Glucose, fructose and galactose. Identify Glucose Assessment Statement 3.2.2 Identify Ribose Assessment Statement 3.2.2 Disaccharides are double sugars and are made by combining 2 simple sugars together into a two unit sugar. Most important source of energy – total energy gain is 4 Calories/gram Assessment Statement 3.2.6 Carbohydrates are built from sugar molecules (ending in “ose”). Some famous sugars include: Glucose (found in human blood -#1 brain food), Fructose (plant sugar), deoxyribose (the sugar portion of DNA), Cellulose (a polysaccharide that makes up plant walls- commonly known as ruffage or fiber). Polysaccharides are long chains of repeating sugar units. Multiunit sugar – more than two sugars combined. Assessment Statement 3.2.3 Examples are sucrose, maltose and lactose. Examples are starch, glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is stored in animal cells and is often refered to as animal starch. Glycogen is made up of 16 to 24 glucose molecules. The liver converts glycogen into glucose units for energy. Assessment Statement 3.2.3 List one function each for: List one function each for: Glucose, lactose, glycogen in animals: Fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants: Glucose = monosaccharide, major energy source for fuelling cellular respiration. Fructose = monosaccharide: energy component in flower nectar Lactose = disaccharide, energy source found in mammalian milk Sucrose = disaccharide: energy molecule transported via phloem Glycogen = polysaccharide; energy storage in liver. Cellulose = polysaccharide: major structural component of plant cell walls. Assessment Statement 3.2.4 Commonly known as “fat” – total energy gain 9 Calories/gram. Assessment Statement 3.2.6 Foods – fish, olive oil, red meat, nuts. Are a key component in cells, especially in the cell membrane. They are made of C, H and O. Yield twice as much energy as carbohydrates. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. 2 types of lipids: saturated and unsaturated. Assessment Statement 3.2.6 Assessment Statement 3.2.4 Structure: Lipids are made up of two portions a glycerol head and fatty acid tails. glycerol fatty acids Lipids can also go through condensation and hydrolsis, just like carbohydrates and proteins. 3 functions of lipids: Storage: lipids provide concentrated long-term energy storage which can release fuel for cellular respiration as needed. 1. Energy 2. Cell membrane: the main component of cell membraes are phospholipids 3. Thermal insulators: reduce the loss of heat from an organism (e.g. an under the skin layer of lipids). Assessment Statement 3.2.6 When an unsaturated fat has only one unsaturated bond, it is known as monounsaturated. When a fat has more than one unsaturated bond it is known as polyunsaturated. Phospholipids and triglycerides and waxes are three important groups of lipids. Phospholipids are the building blocks of the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane. They have a phosphate/glycerol head that is polar and hydrophillic and two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic. Triglycerides – are another type of lipid found in the body. These special lipid molecules are built from one glycerol and three fatty acids with the help of an enzyme. Assessment Statement 3.2.6 Saturated Fats Lipids that are solid or semi-solid at room temperature are said to be saturated (loaded up with covalent bonds to H atoms). E.g. Butter, shortening and marbling in meat. Saturated fats are very stable at room temperature. Unsaturated Fats Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are said to be unsaturated (containing double bonds, or less H atoms). E.g. Oil is an example of an unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fats are easier to break down in the body than saturated fats. Hense the push for people to use vegetable or canola oil rather than butter while cooking. Lipid Groups Waxes – are the third group of lipids. They are formed from long chains of fatty acids joining long-chain alcohol or carbon rings. Waxes are insoluble in water, and are used for water proofing plant leaves or animal feathers and fur. Fats & Diet – stable fats in the body (saturated fats) tend to stay put once ingested leading to plaque in the arteries and ultimately to health complications (e.g. stroke, cancer, high blood pressure, type two diabetes). Cholesterol – not all fat is bad. Cholesterol is required by the cell membrane and is also important for the production of hormones (specifically sex hormones – estrogen and testosterone). There are two different types of cholesterol in the blood HDL and LDL. HDL is the “good” cholesterol and LDL is the “bad” cholesterol. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. The amino acids are bonded together by peptide bonds to form proteins. The smallest protein consists of 50 amino acids bonded together and the largest consists of over 100, 000. Proteins are made of C, H, O and N. They are the most abundant organic compound found in living cells. The most important macromolecule in the body. Their importance can not be underestimated! They form: The structural parts nails, hair, cell membrane and cartilage Pigments (skin, eyes and chlorophyll), Hormones Contractile material of muscle tissues Antibodies Enzymes. Proteins Rule Everything in the Body! Total energy gain is 4 Calories/gram. (however, energy gain is not their main function). Your body requries 22 essential amino acids, but can only produce 8! Proteins are large molecules constructed of many amino acids. Again, condensation and hydrolysis apply to this macronutrient. The bond that is formed from an acid group (COOH) and the amino group (NH2) is called a peptide bond. Because of this special bond, proteins are frequently called polypeptides (many peptide bonds). Assessment Statement 3.2.5 We must rely on digestion to gain the other amino acids we need. 22 different amino acid groups give rise to an infinite amount of proteins. Assessment Statement 3.2.2 Metabolism Shapes – primary (linear), secondary (coiled), tertiary (bent-coiled) and quarternary (compact with a specific structure). All the chemical reactions that occur in your body. Approximately 200, 000 chemical reactions occur daily within one single cell. You can unfold a protein (de-nature) by exposing the protein to heat, radiation or a change in pH. (i.e. frying an egg, baking a cake, UV exposure, x-rays). Catabolic and anabolic reactions are two types of reactions that occur inside the cells. Catabollic reactions occur when large chemicals are broken down into smaller components. Anabollic reactions, complex chemicals are built from smaller components. Condensation The chemical compounds of life are made by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis. Condensation occurs when molecules bond together by removing a water (H2O) molecule. Enzymes are involved in this type of synthesis. Disaccharides, polysaccharides, lipids and proteins can be made this way. Hydrolysis is the breaking apart of molecules by replacing it with a water molecule at the place where it was removed in dehydration synthesis. Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Polymers are long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain by removing water. monomers building blocks repeated small units H2O covalent bonds HO H HO H Condensation! Condensation! Assessment Statement 3.2.5 HO H How to build a polymer Condensation allows for synthesis! joins monomers by “taking” H2O out 1 monomer provides OH– other monomer provides H+ together these form H2O requires energy & enzymes HO H2O H HO H enzyme Condensation reaction Assessment Statement 3.2.5 HO H Condensation builds larger molecules by releasing water It is an ANABOLIC REACTION Used to build carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins! Requires an ezyme to act as a catalyst and speed the reaction along. Condensation of amino acids to form proteins. http://www2.nl.edu/jste/proteins.htm http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon.html Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 How to break down a polymer Hydrolysis – aka. digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of condensation Cleaves off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH– H+ & OH– attach to ends H2O requires enzymes HO Hydrolysis Assessment Statement 3.2.5 HO Breaks bonds in larger molecules to produce smaller pieces. It is a CATABOLIC REACTION Used to break apart carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Requires the use of an enzyme to act as a catalyst and spead the reaction along. H enzyme H HO H Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP13104 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 Assessment Statement 3.2.5 LIPIDS – saturated vs. unsaturated Let’s See How you are doing with a mini-quiz! Get out a piece of paper and try the next few questions! We will return to these questions to discuss your answers at the end. Ready? Set? Here we go! ☺ Quiz time! Question 2: Question 5 Question 3 and 4