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Overview of mitochondria and plastids function in energy conversion P t i Patrice H Hamell Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology PCMB 694 Winter 2007 Organelle, a little organ (“organitle”) An organelle is a discrete cellular structure specialized functions. There are many types of organelles, particularly in the eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms An organelle is to the cell what an organ is to the body (hence the organisms. name organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive). Organelle, a little organ (“organitle”) An organelle is a discrete cellular structure specialized functions. There are many types of organelles, particularly in the eukaryotic cells of multicellular organisms An organelle is to the cell what an organ is to the body (hence the organisms. name organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive). Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell Organelle, a little organ (“organitle”) Although the term "organelle" is considered by some cell biologists to be synonymous y y with "cell compartment", p some cell biologists g strictlyy limit the term's definition to DNA-containing, formerly autonomous organisms acquired via endosymbiosis (such as mitochondria and plastids and hydrogenosomes and apicoplasts) Mitochondria Plastids Mitochondria (“threadule”) Mitochondrion (p (plural mitochondria)) ((from g greek μ μιτοςς or mitos,, thread + κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in fuel molecules (via oxidation) into a "highenergy" storage molecule (ATP). Additional function in amino acid synthesis, co-factor (heme and FeS cluster) etc.. Mitochondria contain its own genetic information (DNA). (DNA) According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria are descended from free-living prokaryotes (alpha-proteobacteria) Plastids Plastids are organelles found in photosynthetic eukaryotes (plants and algae). The primary function of the plastid is photosynthesis. This is the conversion of light energy into sugar g molecules. Some non-photosynthetic plants or algae still retain a plastid and its function is unclear. A plastid-derived organelle, called the apicoplast is found in Apicomplexans (parasites) Apicoplast have lost the ability to do photosynthesis. (parasites). photosynthesis Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate different forms. In plants, plastids may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they need to play in the cell (for example Chloroplasts: for photosynthesis, Chromoplasts: for pigment synthesis and storage) Plastid contain its own genetic information (DNA). According to the endosymbiotic theory, plastids are remnants from free-living prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) Overview of oxidative phosphorylation NADH FADH2 Overview of oxidative phosphorylation FAD FADH2 Overview of photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water Overview of photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses the energy of light to make the sugar, glucose. A simple general equation for photosynthesis follows. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first phase light-dependent reactions or photosynthetic reactions (also called the Light reactions) capture the energy of light g and use it to make high-energy g gy molecules. During the second phase, the light-independent reactions (also called the CalvinBenson Cycle, Cycle and formerly known as the Dark Reactions) use the high-energy high energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) and make the precursors of glucose. ATP ADP + Pi Fd 2NADP++ 2H+ 4H+ stroma FNR 2NADPH PQ PQ lumen 4H+ 2 H2O 4H+ PSII + O2 3 H+ ATP synthase plastocyanin PSI cyt b6f Mitochondria and plastids are related organelles involved in the conversion of energy Mitochondria Respiration (ATP) Chloroplasts y Photosynthesis (sugar) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are related organelles g involved in the conversion of energy gy nucleus DNA DNA Mitochondria Chloroplasts p Mitochondrial inner membrane Thylakoid membrane Specialized membranes containing multimeric complexes involved in electron transfer reaction