Download AP Psych Rapid Review

AP
Psych
Rapid
Review
Unit 14
Social
Psychology
8%-10%
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
Attribution
Why
theory
people behave the way they do
We
credit a person’s behavior with either
their traits (disposition) OR
the situation (environment)
Dispositional
vs. situational attribution
Actor-Observer Bias: attribute oue own behavior
to situation & behavior of others to personal
causes
Fundamental attribution error
 tendency for observers, when analyzing
another’s behavior, to underestimate the
impact of the situation and to overestimate
the impact of personality traits
Self-serving bias
We attribute our own success to traits we
have (dispositional) and our failures to
situational factors
…all of this can lead to…
Just-World
 People
Phenomenon:
get what they deserve
Illusion of control
Leon Festinger
Attitudes
Cognitive
Dissonance
 Causes
individuals to change attitudes
 Relief from tension
a.)
discrepancy between 2
thoughts or thoughts & action that
b.) causes us tensions
Ex. Smoking
Self-fulfilling
prophecies

Tendency to let our preconceived
expectations of others influence how we
treat them, bringing about the very
behavior we expected.

Rosenthal Study…teacher expectations
Frustration-Aggression Principle
In-Group / Out-Group
 Favor
“us”
 Prejudice:
unjustified negative attitude
 Discrimination: unjustified behavior
 Bothe
arise from stereotypes: mental schemas
society attributes to different groups
 Scapegoat
theory: prejudice offers an outlet for
anger by blaming the victim
3 ingredients to liking someone:
Proximity
Mere
exposure effect
Physical attractiveness
Similarity
intimacy
passion
commitment
Social
Facilitation
 stronger
of others
responses in presence
Social
exert
Loafing
less effort when common
goal
Deindividuation
the
loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint occurring in group
situations that foster arousal and
anonymity.
• Group
Polarization
– the
enhancement of
a group’s
prevailing
inclinations
through
discussion with
the groups
Groupthink

desire for harmony in a decision-making group
overrides a realistic alternatives
Superordinate


Goals
Muzafer Sherif
Conflicting groups get along when have a
common task
Conformity
• Adjusting behavior\thinking
toward group standard
• Solomon Asch study
Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
• One is made to feel incompetent
• Group has at least three people
• Group is unanimous
• One admires the group’s status
• One has made no prior commitment
• Others in group observe one’s behavior
• One’s culture strongly encourages
respect for social standards
Stanford
Prison
Study
(Philip
Zimbardo)
Reasons for Conforming:
Normative social influence
 desire to gain approval or
avoid disapproval. (to be
seen as normal)
Informational social
influence
 willingness to accept
other’s opinions about
reality
66% obeyed
Stanley Milgram
Obedience Study
 Complying
with a demand
 “Teacher”: confederate
 “Learner”: subject; didn’t know the “teacher”
was a confederate
 Least likely to obey when:



Someone else speaks up
Authority figure not close
Not associated w/ prestigious univ.
If victim is depersonalized…see higher obedience
Persuasion
Central Route Persuasion
 persuaded by factual
information
 consider the “heart” of
the matter
 more durable & more
likely to influence
behavior
Peripheral Route Persuasion
 indirect
 does NOT give factual info
 swayed by celebrity
endorsements
 superficial
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Tendency to comply with a large request if we
already complied with a smaller request
Altruism
 Kitty
Genovese
 Darley

& Latane
Bystander effect
for bystander to be  “Seizure Experiment”
less likely to help if others are
 Confederates faked
present
seizure
 Tendency

Diffusion of Responsibility
less personal
responsibility as the group
gets larger

 Feel

(IV) of the study was
the number of persons
(bystanders)
(DV) was the time it
took for the
participant to react
 GRIT
–
 Graduated and Reciprocated
Initiatives in Tension-Reduction.
Strategy for reduction of international
tensions through win-win attitudes
and communication.
Reciprocity

norm
we should return help to those who have helped us
Social-responsibility

we help those who need our help
norm