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AP Psychology Review Social Psychology Social Psychology—the study of how groups and cultures shape our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. GROUP DYNAMICS Social group—two or more individuals sharing common goals, interacting, and influencing each other’s behavior Norms—rules (implicit or explicit) that apply to all group members Zimbardo Prison Study—behavior determined by social roles or positions Social loafing—tendency to put forth less effort when group evaluations are made Deindividuation—losing self-awareness, engaging in unusual or uncharacteristic behavior because of group anonymity (looting after Hurricane Katrina) Social facilitation—tendency to perform better in front of a group Group Polarization—decisions reached by group often more extreme than those made by individuals Diffusion of Responsibility—sense of personal responsibility reduced in proportion to size of group present (Kitty Genovese case) ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES—way to understand what causes or behaviors and that of others Dispositional Attribution—hold individual responsible for behavior Situational Attribution—use environmental factors to explain behavior Self-serving Bias—we tend to use dispositional attribution to explain our successes and situational to explain our failures Fundamental Attribution Error—we do the opposite to explain behavior of others—we underestimate situational and overestimate dispositional Just-World Phenomenon—we tend to believe that people “get what they deserve” Self-fulfilling Prophesy—we let our expectations of others influence how we treat them INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION—when two or more groups come into contact with each other, potential for conflict or cooperation Prejudice—unjustifiable negative attitude an individual has about someone based on their membership in a group, many times resulting in discrimination (behavior) Mere Exposure Effect—the more we come into contact with someone, the more we like them CONFORMITY, COMPLIANCE, OBEDIENCE Conformity—Solomon Asch Experiement—subjects chose incorrect answer (pick which line similar to original line) because they wanted to conform to what group gave as answer, although it was incorrect Compliance Behavior—Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon—our tendency to comply with large requests when previously complied with smaller ones Obedience to Authority—Stanley Milgram “shocking” experiment—ordinary people can be influenced to harm others when ordered to do so by someone they perceive as a legitimate authority figure