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AP Psychology Social Psychology Social Psychology—the study of how groups and cultures shape our perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. Group Dynamics Social group—two or more individuals sharing common goals and interests, interacting, and influencing each other’s behavior (people in elevator vs. members of girl scout troop) *norms—implicit or explicit rules applying to all members of group, governing acceptable behavior and attitudes *Zimbardo Prison Study—Stanford University study; students assigned roles as guards or prisoners; individual behavior changed dramatically; by 6th day study was halted because of severe stress inflicted by sadistic guards who took roles too seriously Social loafing—tendency for some in group situations to be “slackers” and leave work to others; more effort would be expended if group members evaluated individually Deindividuation—in large group, we lose some selfawareness and act in ways unusual for us normally because of anonymity of group. (looting during blackouts) Social facilitation—tendency to perform welllearned tasks better in front of others (playing piano better at recital than during practice) Group Polarization—decisions reached by group are more extreme than those made by single individual *Groupthink—consequence of group polarization—individuals afraid to voice objections or dissent from opinions expressed by others (Bay of Pigs Invasion) Bystander Intervention Kitty Genovese murder, simulations—those who thought they were acting alone more likely to help out than those who thought they were with others *Diffusion of Responsibility—reduction of our sense of personal responsibility decreases according to the size of group present Spectators sometimes do act altruistically—Air Florida crash ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES Social Cognition—the way that people gather, use, interpret information about social aspects of the world Attribution theory—way to understand what causes our behavior and that of those around us *dispositional attributions—holds individual responsible for his own behavior *situational attributions—looks at factors in environment to explain people’s behavior When evaluating our own behavior, we tend to show: Self-Serving Bias—we attribute our achievement and successes to ourselves (dispositional) and our failures to situational factors When evaluating others’ behavior, we tend to show: Fundamental Attribution Error—underestimating situational factors and overestimating dispositional factors (the opposite of how we explain our own behavior) *actor-observer bias—our tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and others’ to dispositional (personal) *just-world phenomenon—our belief that people get what they deserve Self-Fulfilling Prophesy—our tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them and thus bring about the very behavior we expected (Rosenthal and Jacobsen “bloomer study”) INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION (how two groups conflict or cooperate when they come into contact with one another) Prejudice—unjustifiable negative attitude about someone based on their membership in a certain group Discrimination—when prejudice results in unjustifiable behavior toward members of that group Stereotypes—mental schemas society attributes to these groups, can result in prejudice, discrimination Scapegoat theory—when our self-worth is in doubt or jeopardy, we tend to look for others to blame (Hitler used Jews as scapegoats in WWI’s aftermath) Mere Exposure Effect—the more we come into contact with someone, the more we likely we are to like that person physical attractiveness major factor similarity also factor in relationships CONFORMITY, COMPLIANCE, OBEDIENCE Conformity Solomon Asch Experiment—subjects asked which line of three match the original line. 35%gave wrong answers just to conform with others who purposely gave wrong answers. Asch concluded that desire to gain social approval causes conformity Compliance Behavior Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon—our tendency to comply with large request if we have previously complied with smaller requests Reciprocity—used by groups soliciting donations— we are given small gift, then asked for donation; people then feel obligated Low-Ball Technique—initial offer is cut rate, but then add-ons increase price Door-in-the-Face Technique—after we say no to very large request, we often comply with smaller requests out of guilt Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram Experiment—based on question of under what circumstances could ordinary people be influenced to inflict harm on others *”teacher” applied electric shocks when learner does not answer questions correctly 66% of subjects administered what they thought was a lethal level of shock main premise—obedience to authority figures ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE Attitudes—learned predispositions to respond to a specific object, person, event in a certain way mere exposure effect—we unconsciously begin to adopt the beliefs of our parents, friends, significant others not good predictors of behavior Persuasive Techniques—attempt to exploit what is known about attitudes to convince people to alter their attitudes in a given direction elaboration likelihood model—two ways attitudes can be changed: central route of persuasion—speaker uses facts, figures, other info. to carefully process info, and think about their opinions peripheral route—frequently used by advertisers—uses superficial info. to distract audience and increase sales Other issues related to changing attitudes: Communicators perceived as experts Those deeply admired by audience Those perceived as attractive