Download Summer School Biology First Session Final Exam Review

Summer School Biology First Session Final Exam Review
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Amino acid is to protein as simple sugar is to
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2. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called
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3. The Calvin cycle is another name for
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4. What is a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying?
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5. What is a catalysts?
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6. Cyclins are a family of closely related proteins that
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7. The two main sources of genetic variation are
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8. True or false? RNA molecules are made of nucleotides.
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9. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone
____ 10. Cancer affects
____ 11. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are
called
____ 12. Which organelle breaks down food into particles the cell can use?
____ 13. The main function of the cell wall is to
____ 14. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will
____ 15. Gene maps are based on
____ 16. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have
____ 17. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down
____ 18. One function of gel electrophoresis is to
____ 19. List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level.
____ 20. What is the correct combination of sex chromosomes that represents a female?
____ 21. Gametes are produced by the process of
____ 22. What percentage of human sperm cells carry an X chromosome?
____ 23. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells,
each containing
____ 24. About gene pools: true or false: They contain two or more alleles for each inheritable trait.
____ 25. Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
____ 26. The principle of dominance states that
____ 27. Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?
____ 28. As a cell becomes larger, its
____ 29. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called
____ 30. What kind of cell (or cells) was used to make Dolly?
____ 31. In science, a hypothesis is useful only if
____ 32. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
____ 33. People who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease are generally healthy because
____ 34. If a man with blood type A and a woman with blood type B produce an offspring, what might be the
offspring’s blood type?
____ 35. Which term refers to cells having different jobs in an organism?
____ 36. What are chromosomes made of?
____ 37. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases
____ 38. In humans, how many X and Y chromosomes does a male have?
____ 39. What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect?
____ 40. A map of eastern North America, showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain
in New York State varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York
State has a pH of
____ 41. What kind of technique do scientists use to make transgenic organisms?
____ 42. What kind of organic molecule is a monosaccharide is a
____ 43. Variation in human skin color is a result of
____ 44. Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar
physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches
____ 45. If two DNA samples showed an identical pattern and thickness of bands produced by gel electrophoresis, the
samples contained
____ 46. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is
____ 47. Eukaryotes usually contain
____ 48. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
____ 49. What is the correct equation for cellular respiration?
____ 50. The crossing of buffalo and cattle to produce beefalo is an example of
____ 51. List the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
____ 52. The process by which two species, for example, a flower and a pollinating insect, evolve in response to each
other is called
____ 53. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?
____ 54. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O → H2CO3.
____ 55. What is found in both DNA and RNA?
____ 56. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the
frequency of the new allele will increase?
____ 57. What is the term used to describe the energy needed to get a reaction started?
____ 58. A pattern in which species experience long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid evolutionary
change is called
____ 59. What are the ways in which natural selection affects the distribution of phenotypes?
____ 60. A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an)
____ 61. What are used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis?
____ 62. Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?
____ 63. Human females produce egg cells that have how many chromosomes?
____ 64. Breeders induce mutations in organisms to
____ 65. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
____ 66. You state that the presence of water could accelerate the growth of bread mold. This is a(an)
____ 67. In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first
generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that
evolution is based on
a. inheritance of natural variations.
b. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
c. natural selection.
d. survival of the fittest.
____ 68. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,
____ 69. Gametes have
____ 70. Why do normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the
dish?
____ 71. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
____ 72. Which characteristics of living things best explains why birds fly south for the winter?
____ 73. Selective breeding produces
____ 74. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called
____ 75. What is the nucleotide found in DNA?
____ 76. DNA is copied during a process called
____ 77. Which organelles help provide cells with energy?
____ 78. If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is
____ 79. The Calvin cycle takes place in the
____ 80. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the
____ 81. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
____ 82. Name organisms that are prokaryotes.
____ 83. What happens between meiosis I and meiosis II that reduces the number of chromosomes?
____ 84. When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
____ 85. The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is the population’s
____ 86. A Punnett square shows
____ 87. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable is called
____ 88. Which organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and movement?
____ 89. Which organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?
____ 90. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called
____ 91. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the
____ 92. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be
____ 93. RNA contains the sugar
____ 94. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?
____ 95. Many sex-linked genes are located on
____ 96. When Gregor Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant, the F1 plants inherited
____ 97. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from
____ 98. Biology is the study of
____ 99. What is an advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
____ 100. Genetic engineering involves
____ 101. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test
____ 102. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in
____ 103. What is a function of the cell membrane?
____ 104. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
____ 105. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?
____ 106. Energy is released from ATP when
____ 107. What is determined by multiple alleles?
____ 108. What happens during the process of translation?
____ 109. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure causes
____ 110. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
____ 111. Prokaryotes lack
____ 112. The two main stages of cell division are called
____ 113. The most abundant compound in most living things is
____ 114. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities?
____ 115. As a cell grows, it
____ 116. In E. coli, the lac operon controls the
____ 117. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s
concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation?
a. acquired characteristics
b. reproductive isolation
c. survival of the fittest
d. descent with modification
____ 118. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their
environment. Their survival is due to the
____ 119. Genes contain instructions for assembling
____ 120. Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows cells to
____ 121. True or False: All enzymes work inside cells.
____ 122. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period results in
____ 123. What is a tumor?
____ 124. What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female?
____ 125. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of
____ 126. A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is known as
____ 127. What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
____ 128. The cell theory applies to
____ 129. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study
____ 130. What is produced during transcription?
____ 131. Offspring that result from crosses between true-breeding parents with different traits
____ 132. What are the events of the cell cycle?
____ 133. Define Linked genes
____ 134. In eukaryotes, DNA are what shape?
____ 135. Why is the nucleus important to cells?
Biology Summer Session 1 Final Possible Essays
1. A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is fed a normal diet, while the other group is fed the
same diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals receiving the normal diet remained healthy;
those in the other group grew weaker. Formulate a hypothesis based on this experiment.
2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Figure 7-1
3. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7-1. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion,
ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi
apparatus, cytoplasm.
Figure 9-1
4. Based on Figure 9-1, which type of fermentation does NOT give off carbon dioxide? Explain your answer.
Figure 10-1
5. The main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in Figure 10-1. Name these events. Then, briefly
state what happens during each event.
6. Complete the Punnett Square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
Black(B) fur is dominant over brown(b) fur. What are the possible outcomes if a homozygous Black cat is
crossed with a heterozygous black cat?
7. Contrast the functions of the three main types of RNA
8. What is a transgenic organism?
9. What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in addition to specimens of organisms alive during his time?
Figure 8-6
10. Interpreting Graphics Look at Figure 8-6. What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family.
Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). Half-shaded symbols are NOT used in this pedigree to
show carriers of the allele.
Figure 14-2
11. Inferring Is individual 2 in Figure 14-2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain.
12. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 14-2, how many children of individuals 4 and 5 have attached earlobes?
13. Predicting Predict the genotype and phenotype of individual 14 in Figure 14-2.