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GENETICSVOCABULARYCarolina GettingStarted: 1.genes-segmentsofDNAthatprovidedthecodeforhowtomakethematerialsto buildtraits 2.genetics-thestudyofhowtraitsarepassedfromparentstooffspring 3.sexualreproduction-reproductioninvolvingtwodifferentreproductivecells 4.traits-characteristicsoflivingthings(color,size,shape,etc.) Investigation5.1andInvestigation5.2 5.allele-differentformsofthegenesthatcodefordifferentvariationsofatrait 6.dominantallele-willalwaysshowitseffectevenwhenonlyonedominatealleleis presentinanorganismsgenotype. 7.genotype-theactualgenes(alleles)theorganismhas. 8.heterozygous-whenthetwoallelesforatraitaredifferent(onedominantand onerecessive) 9.homozygous-whenthetwoallelesforatraitarethesame(bothdominantorboth recessive) 10.phenotype-appearanceofthetrait(whatwecanseeortestfor/observe) 11.recessiveallele-allelethatwillshowitseffectwhentworecessiveallelesare presentinanorganism. Investigation5.3and5.4 12.geneticcross-usingprobabilitytopredictthegenotypeofanorganism(breeding oftwoindividualsthathavedifferentphenotypes) 13.probability-mathematicalchancethataneventwilloccur 14.Punnettsquare-tool(chart)usedtodisplay(show)thepossiblewaysgenes couldpairduringageneticcross. ExtendingYourKnowledgereadingselections 15.blendedinheritance–theideathatoffspringinheritablendofparentaltraits. 16.co-dominance-bothallelesaffecttheoffspring’sphenotypeisseparateand distinctways(humanbloodtypes) 17.completedominance-whenonalleleisexpressedovertheother 18.incompletedominance-bothallelesaffecttheoffspring’sphenotype.Example: crossingaredcarnationwithawhitecarnationproducespinkcarnations 19.modelorganism-anorganismthatshowsgeneticbehaviorthatiscommonto alllivingthings(organisms).Mendelusedpeaplants. 20.pleiotropy-allelesaffectmorethatonetrait.Example:onegeneinpeaplants determinesthecoloroftheseedcoat,theflowerandtheaxel(theanglebetweena leafandthestem). 21.polygenictraits-multiplegenesaffectonetrait.Exampleishumanheight