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Cellular Respiration Biology Miami Arts Charter School Overview: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration - Catabolic reaction Chemical Equation: - C6 H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 +6 H2O \/ \/ ~29 ADP + ~29 Pi - ~29 ATP Only about 30% the energy released from glucose by cellular respiration is captured in ATP some of the energy is converted to heat. (Entropy is increasing) Inputs and Output - What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? Requirements: - - Oxygen Glucose ADP and phosphate groups Products: - Water Carbon dioxide - ATP Cellular Respiration - Two parts Stage 1: Glycolysis - - Anaerobic - Does not require oxygen Stage 2: Aerobic Respiration - Requires oxygen Includes: - Kreb Cycle - Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis - “Glyco”- Glucose “Lysis”- Breakdown Occurs in the Cytoplasm Creates net two ATP and two NADH Glycolysis - Energy Investment Phase: Two ATPs are needed to add 2 Phosphate groups to glucose - - Two ATPs form G3P Energy Payoff: Energy in G3P is given to ADP creating ATP Electrons and Hydrogens are given to NAD+ to create NADH 4 ATPs are created (But you needed to invest two) - - You need two ATPs to make more ATP Net 2 ATP G3P becomes Pyruvate Glycolysis 1. 2. 3. 4. Where does glycolysis occur? What is the intermediate molecule in glycolysis? Why does glycolysis have a net yield of 2 ATP? What are the products of Glycolysis? Kreb Cycle - Other names: Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is moved to the mitochondrial matrix Produces 2 NADH molecules and 2 Carbon dioxide molecules Pyruvate eventually becomes carbon dioxide Question: Which phase from photosynthesis is this cycle the opposite of? Kreb Cycle Products of the Kreb Cycle - Two Pyruvates formed during glycolysis Krebs cycle “turns” twice for one molecule of glucose How many ATP molecules are generated by the Krebs cycle for every one molecule of glucose? CO2? NADH? FADH2? Electron Transport Chain - Final Step in glucose breakdown Occurs in the Mitochondrial Membrane Most of the ATP is produced by the ETC Energy from NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP Where does the NADH and FADH2 come from? Electron Transport Chain - Electron move along the mitochondrial membrane from one protein to another NADH and FADH2 release electrons and their H+ ions This turns them into NAD+ and FAD H+ ions are sequestered in the inner mitochondrial space H+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase Oxygen is the final electron acceptor molecule in the ETC The maximum amount of ATP produced is 36ATP Electron Transport Chain Products of ETC - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor Chemiosmosis: Flow of hydrogens through ATP synthase are used to add a phosphate group onto ADP This creates ATP - 32 ATP created Anaerobic Respiration - Without Oxygen Only uses glycolysis Reproduces NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue Alcohol fermentation - - Occurs in some yeast and bacteria Pyruvate turns into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide NADH gives electrons and H+ during this reaction to create NAD+ Lactic Acid fermentation - Occurs in skeletal muscles - Pyruvate -> lactic acid Fermentation