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Cellular Respiration
Biology
Miami Arts Charter School
Overview: Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Catabolic reaction
Chemical Equation:
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C6 H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 +6 H2O
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~29 ADP + ~29 Pi
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~29 ATP
Only about 30% the energy released from glucose by cellular respiration
is captured in ATP some of the energy is converted to heat. (Entropy is
increasing)
Inputs and Output
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What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Requirements:
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Oxygen
Glucose
ADP and phosphate groups
Products:
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Water
Carbon dioxide
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ATP
Cellular Respiration
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Two parts
Stage 1: Glycolysis
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Anaerobic
- Does not require oxygen
Stage 2: Aerobic Respiration
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Requires oxygen
Includes:
- Kreb Cycle
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Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
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“Glyco”- Glucose
“Lysis”- Breakdown
Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Creates net two ATP and two NADH
Glycolysis
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Energy Investment Phase: Two ATPs are needed to add 2 Phosphate
groups to glucose
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Two ATPs form G3P
Energy Payoff: Energy in G3P is given to ADP creating ATP
Electrons and Hydrogens are given to NAD+ to create NADH
4 ATPs are created (But you needed to invest two)
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You need two ATPs to make more ATP
Net 2 ATP
G3P becomes Pyruvate
Glycolysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where does glycolysis occur?
What is the intermediate molecule in glycolysis?
Why does glycolysis have a net yield of 2 ATP?
What are the products of Glycolysis?
Kreb Cycle
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Other names:
Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is moved to the mitochondrial matrix
Produces 2 NADH molecules and 2 Carbon dioxide molecules
Pyruvate eventually becomes carbon dioxide
Question:
Which phase from photosynthesis is this cycle the opposite of?
Kreb Cycle
Products of the Kreb Cycle
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Two Pyruvates formed during glycolysis
Krebs cycle “turns” twice for one molecule of glucose
How many ATP molecules are generated by the Krebs cycle for every one
molecule of glucose? CO2? NADH? FADH2?
Electron Transport Chain
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Final Step in glucose breakdown
Occurs in the Mitochondrial Membrane
Most of the ATP is produced by the ETC
Energy from NADH and FADH2 are converted to ATP
Where does the NADH and FADH2 come from?
Electron Transport Chain
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Electron move along the mitochondrial membrane from one protein to
another
NADH and FADH2 release electrons and their H+ ions
This turns them into NAD+ and FAD
H+ ions are sequestered in the inner mitochondrial space
H+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor molecule in the ETC
The maximum amount of ATP produced is 36ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Products of ETC
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Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Chemiosmosis: Flow of hydrogens through ATP synthase are used to add
a phosphate group onto ADP
This creates ATP
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32 ATP created
Anaerobic Respiration
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Without Oxygen
Only uses glycolysis
Reproduces NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
Alcohol fermentation
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Occurs in some yeast and bacteria
Pyruvate turns into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
NADH gives electrons and H+ during this reaction to create NAD+
Lactic Acid fermentation
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Occurs in skeletal muscles
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Pyruvate -> lactic acid
Fermentation