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What is ethics …. • Morals: derived from the term mos, moris (way of life or conduct) – Associated with personal behavior • Ethics: derived from the Greek term ethos meaning (custom or character) • Ethics- standards of behavior that tell us how we ought to behave in different situations … • Branch of philosophy that deals with the moral component of human life (moral philosophy • Described as a set of principles or a code of moral conduct/ a system of moral principles. (It affects how we make decisions) • It reflects a society’s assumptions about the rightness and wrong ness of an act … • Well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society or even specific virtues. • It is concerned with what is good for individuals and society. importance • Ethics looks into understanding the proper course of action for man in a given situation. • Ethics basically define for us how we treat or deal with each other in society. • Ethics also tell us ‘what ought to be’ between people in society • It is about the other (being able to give thought beyond ourselves) … • Ethics emphasizes the need to show concern for the other and to conduct or pursue different endeavors in a manner that avoids or reduces harm and conflicting situations. • Ethics also define our obligations to one another and also particular obligations which come with a particular profession Ethical behavior • Actual ethical behavior is depended on many factors including: – The individual in a situation, – the circumstance or the moral intensity of the situation. • Ethics do not always show the right answer to moral problems, more often than not they maybe several right answers and you have to make a decision on the most appropriate Ethical issues in communication • falsehood/misleading information/ withholding information (plagiarism, selective misquoting, misrepresenting numbers, distorting visuals) • Truth • Privacy • Confidentiality • Conflict of interest … • Truth: indication of having respect of person – Important for decision making – Influences public opinion\society depend on public communicators telling the truth – Support democratic processes – Have an understanding of what is going on… – Be accurate , fair and balanced (avoid bias) … • Privacy-the right to be left alone – Individual-autonomy-to be able to make a choice – Balance between publics need to know about something and the privacy of an individual (do people really need to know about certain issues). • … • Confidentiality: disclosing information in a relationship of trust – Information will not be divulged without your consent • Conflict of interest: credibility of information is often questioned – Affects neutrality of the communicator. Ethical communication • The communication process would have a moral agent with a particular motive and acts either verbal or non-verbal at a particular individual or audience with some consequences. Communication process • Moral agent- make ethical decisions (understand the role of the moral agent)ethical standards differ according to social roles • Ethical decisions are always made within a context (exerts a particular influence) eg political climate • Examine motives (good motives can sometimes be used to justify wrong acts) • assess motives in conjunction with the consequences of the action … • Act- the behavioral component of the communication process. Focus is on actions of others that may lead us to describe them as ethical or unethical • Evaluate a situation in terms of the moral agents relationship to the individual or audience affected by an ethical decision. • Ethical judgments produce consequenceseither positive or negative… Branches of ethics • Meta-ethics • Normative ethics • Applied ethics Meta-ethics • Are moral judgments universal or relative • What is good from what is bad/Can moral statements be true or false • Is concerned with the study of the characteristics or nature of ethics • Examines meanings of terms ‘good, right, justice and fairness • What is the meaning of moral statements (meaning of saying something is right or wrong) … • Moral realism vs moral anti-realism • Realism- there are moral truths about what is right and wrong – There are genuine moral obligations • Anti-realism- rejects the existence of moral truths – No specific way we ought to live – No right or wrong course of action Please visit this site for more information of meta ethics and other branches to ethics. www.davephilosophyethics.blogspot.com Normative ethics • prescriptive ethics, provides a criteria of what is morally right and wrong – Determine moral principles – Prescriptive in nature: follow a particular way of doing things – Provide rules and principles that should guide our behavior – Encourage adherence to moral principle without expecting consequences/outcomes • Types of Normative Ethics • Consequential ethics (teleogical) • Deontological ethics • Virtue ethics Consequential ethics • Holds that consequences of ones conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of an act – Judge morality of an act by its outcomes or consequences – Behavior is justified if it maximizes positives – Consequences matters and not duty or obligation • Branches to consequential ethics • Utilitarianism • Ethical egoism • Ethical altruism • hedonism … • Utilitarianism • • • • • • • • Purpose of life is to make life better by increasing the amount of good things and decreasing the amount of pain Morality true: if it has a positive contribution to humanity Utilitarian: Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) & John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Consequences or results of an action determine the rightness or wrongness of an act Choose an option that ‘maximizes utility’- action that produces the largest amount of good for a lot of people Greatest happiness for the greatest number of people The end justifies the means (‘means’ not important as the ‘ends’) There is no regard for individual right … • Ethical egoism • Egoism derived from Latin term ‘ego’ meaning ‘I’ • Considering own utility-putting your own needs first without regard for the needs and rights of others • Choice or decision affect single person’s interest (no consideration of other people’s interest) • Actions done from a perspective of self-interest • Action is moral conduct if it produces favorable consequences to the individual • One can pursue good but motive is own gain (good actions not out of concern for others but for self) • If action doesn’t benefit an individual, then it is morally acceptable for them not to do it … • Ethic altruism • Altruism derived from the French term ‘autres’ meaning others • Actions motivated by the needs of others • Actions or choices that would maximize the well being of a group except the agent • Conduct is moral if it produces desirable consequences for everyone except the agent • Hedonism • Pursue actions that will maximize pleasure and happiness and minimize pain • Happiness and pleasure are the ultimate goals for life Deontological ethics • Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) • Rejects the importance of consequences in decision making • Focuses on the intentions behind the actions/principles which motivates actions • Gives importance to rightness or wrongness of actions as opposed to rightness of wrongness of consequences • Guiding principle: never do anything to another person that we would not want done to ourselves … • Kant: moral acts are either right or wrong on principle and we have a duty to doing good no matter the circumstances • Deontological ethics are based on the principles that: – Do the right – it is the right thing to do – avoid things because they are wrong. Kant Principles • The categorical imperative • Perform an action if you could agree that everyone be permitted to act in that way • ‘act according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law’. • Test of universalization • Appeals to reason (ask questions-what if everyone did this) • Moves away from cultural relativism • … • Second formulation of the categorical imperative – ‘so act that you treat humanity, both in your own person and in the person of every other human being, never merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end’ Kant • never abuse people in order to achieve your own goals • don’t see people as a means to an end • act out of willingness to do your duty regardless of the outcomes Virtue Ethics • Describe the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior • Focus on character not actions • Focus on the kind of person we ought to be • People will naturally do what is good if they know what is right • They follow values to make ethical decisions (justice, fairness, peace, freedom • Confidence in human ability to achieve natural law • Discovered by reason (reason through why certain acts are good and why others are not good) • Ability to reason well-being able to handle a moral question • Learn by practice in a community (family, friends, society) Applied ethics • A particular issue is examined from a moral standpoint • Identifying the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. • Moral permissibility of specific actions and practices • Under what conditions are certain acts permissible • Decision can be informed by principles of morality (thinking about the good and bad) • It is the link between theory and practice … • • • • Bio-ethics Business ethics Political ethics Environmental ethics References • Dave Barret. Daves Philosophy-Ethics. Retrieved from: www.davephilosophyethics.blogspot.com • Dittmer, J. Applied ethic. Retrieved from: www.iep.edu/ap-ethic/ • Day, A.L. (2006). Ethics in Media Communications: Cases and Controversies. (5th Ed).USA: Wadsworth • Nathanson, S. Utilitarianism. Retrieved from: www.csus.edu/indiv/g/gaskilld/ethics/utilitarianism%20notes.htm • What is ethics. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v3_t4obUc51A