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Earth Systems Chapter 3 Study Guide Matter is anything that… Three states of matter: **how matter can be found on Earth Matter can be broken down into its simple parts called __________. Each element on the periodic table has its own ___________. How many elements can be found naturally? has mass and takes up space. 1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas elements properties 92 *others are synthetic (man-made) Elements are made up of __________. Atoms are made of charged ____________. Particles in an atom: atoms particles protons, neutrons, electrons protons neutrons electrons Atoms are electrically neutral because they have the same number of _____ and ______. Valence electrons (+ charge) found in the nucleus (no charge) found in the nucleus (- charge) much smaller than other particles move very fast in orbitals (energy levels) around the nucleus (exact speed & position cannot be measured) protons and electrons electrons in the outermost orbital/energy level Elements with full outermost energy levels are ____________. Where can information on each element be found? unreactive Elements are arranged on the periodic table according to their __________. Label the following: symbol atomic mass atomic number atomic numbers Atomic number: Tells us the # of _______ in the nucleus and the # of _______ in the orbitals. Atomic mass: Tells us the # of _____ & ____ in the nucleus. (# protons in nucleus) & (# electrons in the orbitals/energy levels) Isotopes are formed when an element loses or gains _________. neutrons on the periodic table Nickel 28 Ni 58.693 (#protons + #neutrons) What is an isotope? atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers **isotopes will have the same characteristics **Ex: Cl-35 and Cl-37 are chlorine isotopes Ions form when atoms gain or lose __________ from their outermost energy level. If an atom loses an electron, it will be _____ charged. electrons If an atom gains an electron, it will be _____ charged. negatively charged What are the most abundant elements in the universe? hydrogen and helium Most of the rocks and minerals on Earth’s crust contain which two elements? Atoms become stable when they have ___ electrons in their outermost energy level. How are compounds formed? What is a compound? oxygen and silicon Types of bonds: Covalent bonds form when atoms share ___________. What is a polar molecule? positively charged 8 *atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons Compounds are formed when the atoms of two or more elements combine. Compounds will have different properties than the elements they are made from. 1. Covalent bonds 2. Ionic bonds 3. Metallic bonds Valence electrons Ionic bonds form between… When the sharing in covalent bonds is not equal, one atom has a stronger pull on the electrons. This creates a polar molecule and the molecule will have a bent shape. positive and negative ions Metallic bonds form between __________. *Ex: NaCl = Na+ and Clmetals *The free movement of electrons allows metals to conduct electricity. Chemical reactions occur when… one or more substances change into a different substance. Identify the products and the reactants: A + B C reactants product How many oxygen atoms are produced in the reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 Is a mixture a chemical reaction? 12 oxygen atoms are produced (**product side) Types of mixtures: Heterogeneous mixtures Homogeneous mixtures What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give an example. A mixture in which individual substances can be seen so they can be physically separated into individual NO substances Ex: salad dressing, Chex mix, trail mix What is a homogeneous mixture? Give an example. Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions. The mixture is uniform, so individual particles cannot be seen Ex: Three states of matter solid 1. 2. 3. liquid salt water sweet tea solid liquid gas particles are densely packed solids have a definite shape & do not take the shape of their container particles can be arranged randomly or in a certain pattern (such as a crystal) Matter changes form when ____________ changes. particles are loosely packed liquids do not have a definite shape & take the shape of their container particles are spaced far apart gases do not have a definite shape they fill their container (particles spread out) temperature melting solid liquid (due to heating) evaporation liquid gas (due to heating) condensation gas in melting and evaporation, thermal energy is ________ (absorbed, released) in condensation, thermal energy is ________ (absorbed, released) absorbed (*** they become warmer) gas liquid (due to cooling) released (*** it cools)