Investigations of the auroral luminosity distribution and the dynamics
... several thousand kilometres and in the perpendicular direction up to several hundred kilometres. Arcs, for instance, can spread over distances of 5000–6000 km and more. The ribbon itself has a typical thickness of several hundred metres, so that one can conclude that luminosity of this kind must be ...
... several thousand kilometres and in the perpendicular direction up to several hundred kilometres. Arcs, for instance, can spread over distances of 5000–6000 km and more. The ribbon itself has a typical thickness of several hundred metres, so that one can conclude that luminosity of this kind must be ...
Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
... resistance in ferromagnetic metals. He realized that at sufficiently low temperatures, where magnon scattering becomes vanishingly small, electrons of majority and minority spin, with magnetic moment parallel and antiparallel to the magnetization of a ferromagnet, respectively, do not mix in the sca ...
... resistance in ferromagnetic metals. He realized that at sufficiently low temperatures, where magnon scattering becomes vanishingly small, electrons of majority and minority spin, with magnetic moment parallel and antiparallel to the magnetization of a ferromagnet, respectively, do not mix in the sca ...
Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric chemistry
... which is also reflected in the present evaluation. This evaluation is also constrained to studies that have quantified gas– liquid uptake kinetics rather than a complete evaluation of aqueous phase kinetics. Further systems will be evaluated in the future and published in future volumes if warranted ...
... which is also reflected in the present evaluation. This evaluation is also constrained to studies that have quantified gas– liquid uptake kinetics rather than a complete evaluation of aqueous phase kinetics. Further systems will be evaluated in the future and published in future volumes if warranted ...
“nano-material”?
... the Lord's Prayer on the head of a pin. But that's nothing; that's the most primitive, halting step in the direction I intend to discuss. It is a staggeringly small world that is below. In the year 2000, when they look back at this age, they will wonder why it was not until the year 1960 that anybod ...
... the Lord's Prayer on the head of a pin. But that's nothing; that's the most primitive, halting step in the direction I intend to discuss. It is a staggeringly small world that is below. In the year 2000, when they look back at this age, they will wonder why it was not until the year 1960 that anybod ...
Spin-Injection into GaAs using ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As contacts
... these transistors digital information is stored as charge; say “1” implies an existing charge and “0” is denoted by no available charge. Due to the scalar nature of charge – it has only a quantity no direction by itself – the change of logic levels is always connected to a current flow. Associated t ...
... these transistors digital information is stored as charge; say “1” implies an existing charge and “0” is denoted by no available charge. Due to the scalar nature of charge – it has only a quantity no direction by itself – the change of logic levels is always connected to a current flow. Associated t ...
Studies of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Doped with Titanium (Ti), Yttrium (Y
... (SnO2) are currently of considerable technological interest as they are being used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, ceramic and electronic industries. The material speciality is on dual valency that the tin atom possessed, with tin preferably attaining an oxidation state of 2+ or 4+. This dual valen ...
... (SnO2) are currently of considerable technological interest as they are being used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, ceramic and electronic industries. The material speciality is on dual valency that the tin atom possessed, with tin preferably attaining an oxidation state of 2+ or 4+. This dual valen ...
Investigation of physical and chemical interactions during
... frequency [Hz]; distribution function [m-6s3]; f ce , electron cyclotron frequency; f ci , ion cyclotron frequency; f pe , electron plasma frequency; f pi , ion plasma frequency ...
... frequency [Hz]; distribution function [m-6s3]; f ce , electron cyclotron frequency; f ci , ion cyclotron frequency; f pe , electron plasma frequency; f pi , ion plasma frequency ...
Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetopause and Its Boundary Layers Hiroshi Hasegawa
... which do not have a well-defined outer boundary, magnetospheres generally have a sharp outer boundary called the magnetopause. This is because matter surrounding the magnetospheres is usually highly ionized and extremely weakly collisional, i.e., the diffusion of electrically-charged, noncollisional ...
... which do not have a well-defined outer boundary, magnetospheres generally have a sharp outer boundary called the magnetopause. This is because matter surrounding the magnetospheres is usually highly ionized and extremely weakly collisional, i.e., the diffusion of electrically-charged, noncollisional ...
Untitled
... The first is the origin of the earth’s magnetic field, which directs the needle. The second is the origin of the magnetism of the needle, which allows it to be directed. This book is about the second mystery, and a mystery indeed it is, for although a great deal is known about magnetism in general, ...
... The first is the origin of the earth’s magnetic field, which directs the needle. The second is the origin of the magnetism of the needle, which allows it to be directed. This book is about the second mystery, and a mystery indeed it is, for although a great deal is known about magnetism in general, ...
Manipulation of positron plasma using the AE CERN
... Already in late 1800, the concept and the idea of antimatter were already in speculation. However, the first theoretical acknowledgment of antimatter came first in 1928 by Paul Dirac. He realized that his relativistic Schrödinger-equation allowed positively charged electrons, which are now called an ...
... Already in late 1800, the concept and the idea of antimatter were already in speculation. However, the first theoretical acknowledgment of antimatter came first in 1928 by Paul Dirac. He realized that his relativistic Schrödinger-equation allowed positively charged electrons, which are now called an ...
NbS3: A unique quasi-one-dimensional conductor with three charge
... prismatic cages of chalcogen atoms. Though these compounds are apparently isoelectronic, their properties are rather diverse. For example, they display very different CDW wave vectors, indicating different degrees of filling in conduction electronic bands. A plausible reason for this variety may be ...
... prismatic cages of chalcogen atoms. Though these compounds are apparently isoelectronic, their properties are rather diverse. For example, they display very different CDW wave vectors, indicating different degrees of filling in conduction electronic bands. A plausible reason for this variety may be ...
Thermally driven magnon transport in the magnetic insulator Yttrium
... effect (SSE), where a spin current flowing perpendicularly to the heat currents or the temperature gradient is generated. The results emphasize on the formulation of the concept of spectral non-uniformity of magnon temperature to explain the transverse spin Seebeck effect with contemporary theories ...
... effect (SSE), where a spin current flowing perpendicularly to the heat currents or the temperature gradient is generated. The results emphasize on the formulation of the concept of spectral non-uniformity of magnon temperature to explain the transverse spin Seebeck effect with contemporary theories ...
Rydberg-ground state interaction in ultracold gases
... oscillatory potential that supports molecular bound states. These so-called ultralong-range Rydberg molecules are studied with high resolution time-of-flight spectroscopy, where we are able to determine the binding energies and lifetimes of the molecular states between the two fine structure split 2 ...
... oscillatory potential that supports molecular bound states. These so-called ultralong-range Rydberg molecules are studied with high resolution time-of-flight spectroscopy, where we are able to determine the binding energies and lifetimes of the molecular states between the two fine structure split 2 ...
Topics on the theory of electron spins in semiconductors
... observed phenomena. When this model is applied to certain quasi-two-dimensional structures of the same crystal type, it succeeds again after the exciton and exciton-bound-donor spin species are introduced. For the first time a quantitatively accurate explanation of the strange temperature dependence ...
... observed phenomena. When this model is applied to certain quasi-two-dimensional structures of the same crystal type, it succeeds again after the exciton and exciton-bound-donor spin species are introduced. For the first time a quantitatively accurate explanation of the strange temperature dependence ...
Creation of cold and dense ensembles of calcium atoms
... photon recoil of the cooling laser (400 nK) in the case of Sr and for Ca temperatures around 10 µK can be achieved. The phase-space densities of up to 10−2 of the magneto-optical trapped Sr ensemble [Kat99a] was further increased in a crossed-beam far-off resonance optical dipole trap to a value of ...
... photon recoil of the cooling laser (400 nK) in the case of Sr and for Ca temperatures around 10 µK can be achieved. The phase-space densities of up to 10−2 of the magneto-optical trapped Sr ensemble [Kat99a] was further increased in a crossed-beam far-off resonance optical dipole trap to a value of ...
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms that matter takes on. Four states of matter are observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many other states are known, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and neutron-degenerate matter, but these only occur in extreme situations such as ultra cold or ultra dense matter. Other states, such as quark–gluon plasmas, are believed to be possible but remain theoretical for now. For a complete list of all exotic states of matter, see the list of states of matter.Historically, the distinction is made based on qualitative differences in properties. Matter in the solid state maintains a fixed volume and shape, with component particles (atoms, molecules or ions) close together and fixed into place. Matter in the liquid state maintains a fixed volume, but has a variable shape that adapts to fit its container. Its particles are still close together but move freely. Matter in the gaseous state has both variable volume and shape, adapting both to fit its container. Its particles are neither close together nor fixed in place. Matter in the plasma state has variable volume and shape, but as well as neutral atoms, it contains a significant number of ions and electrons, both of which can move around freely. Plasma is the most common form of visible matter in the universe.The term phase is sometimes used as a synonym for state of matter, but a system can contain several immiscible phases of the same state of matter (see Phase (matter) for more discussion of the difference between the two terms).